Волинський національний університет імені Лесі Українки

Тест ::: ФІФ_035(ПІД)_PhD_2023

Тема :: 1. Lexicology

1. The word "window" belongs to ... .
   • the words of Scandinavian origin
   • the words of native origin
   • French borrowings
   • Latin borrowings
2. The word "absent-mindedness" is a ... .
   • morphological compound
   • syntactic compound
   • contracted compound
   • derivational compound
3. The word beige is a(n) ... .
   • unassimilated borrowing (barbarism)
   • partially assimilated borrowing (not assimilated grammatically)
   • partially assimilated borrowing (not assimilated phonetically)
   • completely assimilated borrowing
4. Metaphor "key to the mystery" is based on ... .
   • similarity of temperature
   • similarity of colour
   • similarity of function
   • similarity of shape and form
5. The result of semantic change in the word "smart": "causing pain" -> "attractive" is ... .
   • the degradation of meaning
   • the elevation of meaning
   • the extension of meaning
   • the narrowing of meaning
6. Pick out the paronyms from the pairs below:
   • to begin − to commence
   • hope − despair
   • preposition − proposition
   • to die − to pass away
7. The semantic change of the word combination "Wall Street" in the sentence "Wall Street is in a panic" involves the association ... .
   • the place is used for the people occupying it
   • the producer is used for a product
   • the place is used for the institution
   • the part is used for the whole
8. Pick out the historisms from the groups below:
   • lad, kirk, galloway
   • bonehead, goddam, bastard
   • yeomantry, battering ram, baron
   • mug, cock-eyed, beans
9. Pick out the barbarisms from the groups below:
   • mon cher, de jure, au revoir
   • diphthong, operation, molecule
   • cybercrook, virtual money, transgenic
   • eve, fair, woe
10. Pick out Canadian English words from the groups below:
    • fall, check, apartment
    • autumn, bill, flat
    • toonie, humidex, double-double
    • dingo, gum-tree, kiwi
11. Point out a phraseological unit associated with some historical events:
    • forbidden fruit is sweet
    • vanity fair
    • a crooked sixpence
    • to rob Peter to pay Paul
12. Morphemes that can function both as affixes and as free morphemes are called ... .
    • combining forms
    • bound morphemes
    • free morphemes
    • semi-bound morphemes
13. Morphemes that make up words of conditional segmentability and do not rise to the status of full morphemes for semantic reason are called ... .
    • pseudo-morphemes
    • unique morpemes
    • combining forms
    • allomorphs
14. A pair of (or several) words borrowed from the same source at different times and, therefore, having different forms and meaning are called ... .
    • translation-loans
    • etymological hybrids
    • etymological doublets
    • international words
15. The basic unit of a given language resulting from the association of a given meaning with a given group of sounds susceptible of a given grammatical employment is denoted by the term ... .
    • morpheme
    • word
    • word equivalent
    • vocabulary
16. A lexicological grouping in which the words are grouped according to the root-morpheme is called a ... .
    • thematic group
    • semantic field
    • word-family
    • lexico-grammatical group
17. Disfavourable, plain-spoken or socially taboo expressions that are used instead of more socially acceptable ones are called ... .
    • euphemisms
    • dysphemisms
    • antonyms
    • synonyms
18. Words coined to suit one particular occasion are called ... .
    • nonce-words
    • vulgarisms
    • dialectal words
    • professionalisms
19. Expressive, mostly ironical words which sound somewhat vulgar, cynical and harsh, aiming to show the object of speech in the light of an off-hand contemptuous ridicule are called ... .
    • jargonisms
    • poetic words
    • slang words
    • neologisms
20. Word-groups with a completely changed meaning, demotivated, their meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of the constituent parts, are called ... .
    • free word-groups
    • phraseological combinations
    • phraseological fusions
    • phraseological unities
21. The instantly recognizable accent often described as “typically British” is called ... .
    • Estuary English
    • Cockney
    • Standard English
    • Received Pronunciation
22. The words "human − humane" refer to ... .
    • homophones
    • homographs
    • paronyms
    • absolute homonyms
23. The word "giggle" is a(n) ... .
    • onomatopoeic word
    • blend
    • acronym
    • shortening
24. The prefix demi- in the word "demiofficial" implies ... .
    • priority
    • locality
    • negation
    • incompleteness
25. The suffix – ward(s) found in the word "downwards" is a(n) ... .
    • verb-forming suffix
    • adjective-forming suffix
    • adverb-forming suffix
    • noun-forming suffix

 

Тема :: 2. Methodology

26. The process of showing that the general research area is important, central, novel, problematic, or relevant is called ... .
    • establishing the research field
    • discussion of limitations of data collection
    • summarizing previous research
    • reaffirming the thesis
27. Referencing format most frequently used in English speaking countries is ... .
    • UDC
    • New York style
    • APA
    • ISBD
28. A survey-type research paper ... .
    • explores or fleshes out unsolved topics
    • makes a claim about a topic and justifies it with specific evidence
    • breaks a topic down into its parts in order to inspect it
    • summarizes relevant information about a topic
29. Research which is directed towards finding information that has a broad base of applications is called ... .
    • descriptive
    • conceptual
    • fundamental
    • applied
30. The words or phrases of other authors used in academic writing to illustrate a point are called ... .
    • elicitation
    • citations
    • sound bite
    • quiz
31. What provides empirical data for the enquiry?
    • materials
    • subjects
    • objects
    • methods
32. You look for and correct mistakes in grammar, spelling and punctuation while ... .
    • stylistic editing
    • revising
    • proofreading
    • evaluating
33. The act of presenting the words of another writer as if they were our own is called ... .
    • plagiotropism
    • plagioclase
    • plagiarism
    • pliancy
34. Topicality suggests that ... .
    • the paper offers a particular view of the unit under study
    • the paper deals with the subject of current interest
    • the paper furnishes reliable information
    • the research theme is outdated
35. The concrete unit or phenomenon which is the target of the investigation is called ... .
    • the methods
    • the material
    • the object
    • the subject
36. Specific research methods distinguishing special sciences are subdivided into:
    • observation, comparison, analysis
    • experimental, observational, methodological
    • theoretical, descriptive, experimental, laboratory
    • analysis, synthesis, modelling, experiment
37. A set or system of methods and principles used in a particular discipline is a/an ... .
    • theory
    • scientific method
    • hypothesis
    • methodology
38. Method refers to ... .
    • a system of procedures of analysis
    • a particular point of view about the nature of research
    • the object under study
    • the underlying philosophical principles of the enquiry
39. This fallacy establishes a cause and effect relationship between two actions when, in fact, one action simply precedes the other:
    • argumentum ad verecundiam
    • argumentum ad hominem
    • post hoc fallacy
    • a non sequitur
40. This method involves generalization of the results of observation, inference from the observed to the unobserved:
    • modelling
    • method of falsification
    • method of induction
    • method of deduction
41. This fallacy consists of arguing from a premise in which a term is used in one sense to a conclusion in which the term is used in another sense:
    • the either/or fallacy
    • the fallacy of composition
    • the fallacy of equivocation
    • the fallacy of association
42. Science is divided into three major branches:
    • pure science, applied science, and technology
    • mathematical, social, and life sciences
    • natural, mathematical, and social sciences
    • natural, physical, and earth sciences
43. The term “scientific paradigm” suggests that ... .
    • basic assumptions that shape science are ethnocentric
    • some accepted examples of actual scientific practice provide models for particular traditions of research
    • scientists actually solve puzzles
    • science is driven by commercial and military interests
44. Scientific research is defined as ... .
    • theorizing, experimentation, innovation
    • diligent and systematic enquiry in order to discover new facts
    • organised body of objective knowledge
    • useless “ivory tower” activities
45. Scientific research as an enquiry can be called systematic if ... .
    • it has a review of literature
    • it has an implicit rationale
    • it is carried out with a deliberately chosen methodology
    • it is always based on modelling
46. Such issues as outlining the purpose of the paper, tasks to be solved, the object and the subject of research, materials, methods, topicality, novelty, theoretical and practical (applied) value are included in the ... .
    • body
    • conclusion
    • introduction
    • summary
47. The theory of knowledge and the assumptions and beliefs that we have about the nature of knowledge are called ... .
    • existentialism
    • positivism
    • epistemology
    • ontology
48. Quotations, which comprise the exact words of the author, are called ... .
    • direct
    • numeric
    • documentary
    • indirect
49. Methods common to all scientific enquiries include:
    • falsification, experiment, single-case research
    • theory, field, modelling
    • comparison, deduction, synthesis
    • analysis, hypothesis, description
50. The extent to which a study establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship between a treatment and an outcome is called a(n) ... .
    • internal validity
    • false validity
    • critical validity
    • external validity

 

Тема :: 3. Current Trends in Modern Linguistics

51. Discourse is ... .
    • written or spoken communication
    • a set of words that is complete in itself
    • controversial
    • a group of words standing together as a conceptual unit
52. In social semiotics, a sign is ... .
    • a social object
    • a word
    • anything that communicates a meaning
    • the sign itself in the mind of the interpreter
53. The example of the scientific revolution in linguistics is ... .
    • “Language and Power” by N. Fairclough
    • “Course in General Linguistics” by F. de Saussure
    • “The Archeology of Knowledge” by M. Foucault
    • “Relevance Theory” by D. Wilson and D. Sperber
54. Ekphrasis ... .
    • is the act of casually referencing something, usually a work of popular culture
    • does not refer to making a statement that seems self-contradictory or impossible but actually makes sense
    • is a vivid verbal description of a visual work of art
    • is the use of the alternative language to refer to unpleasant things
55. Social semiotics is ... .
    • the study of syntactic relations in the language
    • the study of signs as means of communication
    • the study which investigates human signifying practices in specific social and cultural circumstances
    • the study of cognitive processes in the language use
56. Semiosis explains ... .
    • the communicative process
    • any form of verbal and nonverbal activity
    • the process which involves signs in meaning-making
    • the relationship between the language and its users
57. Which is NOT a paradigm in linguistics?
    • system-structural
    • functional
    • descriptive stylistic
    • comparative historical
58. Connotative meaning is connected with ... .
    • the sentence structure
    • the literal meaning of a word
    • the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word
    • the functional style
59. Connotation is ... .
    • the strict dictionary meaning of a word
    • the associations that people make with a word
    • a word that means the opposite of another word
    • a word that has the same meaning as another word
60. Denotative meaning is connected with ... .
    • individual emotions, values, and feelings
    • the literal meaning of a word
    • the sentence structure
    • the functional style
61. Cognitive semiotics studies ... .
    • the interaction of signs in meaning-making
    • the paradigmatic relations in meaning-making
    • the interaction of text and discourse in meaning-making
    • the construal of meaning-in-context
62. The theory of intermediality in linguistics is concerned with ... .
    • the interaction of semiotic systems
    • the interaction of arts and their media in text
    • the interaction of humans with media
    • the interaction between different media in the arts
63. The discourse theory is NOT concerned with ... .
    • the use of verbal and non-verbal signs
    • the interaction of communicants in the socio-cultural context
    • the formation of ideas and beliefs
    • the language structure
64. Cognitive pragmatics studies ... .
    • the interaction of signs in meaning-making
    • the construal of meaning-in-context
    • the interaction of text and discourse in meaning-making
    • the paradigmatic relations in meaning-making
65. Meaning-making in the linguistic theory is ... .
    • the verbal and nonverbal interaction of communicants in the communicative situation
    • the mental activity of ascribing meanings to linguistic and non-linguistic units in the communicative situation
    • the social practice of gaining knowledge in the communicative situation
    • the exchange of meanings in the communicative situation
66. Cognitive-communicative approach in linguistics is aimed at studying ... .
    • communicative strategies
    • dynamic meaning construal in communication
    • conceptual blending
    • linguistic characteristics of interpersonal communication
67. Scientific revolution is ... .
    • the pre-paradigmatic period
    • the paradigm shift
    • the dominance of paradigm
    • the crisis of normal science
68. The notion of “scientific revolution” was first introduced by ... .
    • Noam Chomsky
    • Edward Sapir
    • Thomas Kuhn
    • Ferdinand de Saussure
69. Functionalism in linguistics is concerned with ... .
    • the functional styles
    • the syntagmatic textual analysis
    • the functions performed by language in terms of cognition, expression, and conation
    • the theme and rheme analysis
70. Anthropocentrism in linguistics focuses on ... .
    • the role of the language in the human activity
    • the human activity within the language use
    • the expansion of the human activity to the language use
    • the explanation of linguistic phenomena by humans
71. The philosophical basis of the cognitive-communicative approach in linguistics is the idea that ... .
    • the meaning is implemented in the text structure
    • language is used to explain world phenomena
    • the world is not reflected, but interpreted
    • all philosophical issues can be solved by paying closer attention to language
72. One of the founders of cognitive pragmatics is ... .
    • Paul Grice
    • Robin Carston
    • Peeter Torop
    • Aage A. Hansen-Löve
73. The cognitive aspect of discourse presupposes ... .
    • the use of verbal and non-verbal signs
    • the formation of ideas and beliefs
    • the interaction of communicants in a socio-cultural environment
    • the gender differences of communicants
74. Which is NOT a characteristic of a paradigm in linguistics?
    • a paradigm is a cumulative system of knowledge
    • a paradigm is limited in the period of its use
    • a paradigm exists within the boundaries of a certain branch of linguistics
    • a paradigm is a pattern to follow in linguistic theories
75. Meaning in discourse is ... .
    • conveyed through the combination of communicants’ shared knowledge and its linguistic implementation
    • constructed and reconstructed by communicants
    • expressed only by words
    • implemented only by the sentence structure

 

Тема :: 4. Academic Writing and Rhetoric

76. But there is a negative side to new technology. ... the advantages we also need to consider a number of disadvantages.
    • Be that as it may
    • That's all very well but
    • Apart from
    • With reference to
77. This paper begins with a/an ... of the literature on patient communication.
    • data
    • archives
    • review
    • abstract
78. cf Smith (2022) for a different approach to this topic. "cf" stands for ...
    • compare
    • see footnote
    • that is
    • note carefully
79. The professor decided to take moral courage as the ... for his inaugural lecture.
    • issue
    • theme
    • model
    • sentence
80. Economists have recently questioned the rationale ... government spending.
    • of
    • for
    • about
    • into
81. Which word does not fit the sentence?
    "The evidence ... a different conclusion".
    • points to
    • suggests
    • supports
    • emerges
82. What … the criteria used by PhD students to set their research agenda?
    • is
    • are
    • has been
    • are being
83. You will be given a … when you choose your dissertation topic.
    • research student
    • senior lecturer
    • student counsellor
    • supervisor
84. ... the exception … one study in 1990, no major research had been carried out till now.
    • in, with
    • with, of
    • to, with
    • in, of
85. Social research techniques were applied to … examine the effects of the policy on the poor.
    • strongly
    • critically
    • mainly
    • specifically
86. Identify the method when the researcher keeps in-depth descriptive records as an outside observer.
    • case study
    • survey
    • comparative study
    • experimental study
87. This solution implies … among these processes.
    • making a proposal
    • reaching a consensus
    • constructing comments
    • leading to advances
88. Which of the terms is different from the rest?
    • indent
    • thesis
    • heading
    • margins
89. The inclusion of dialects is particularly … here, as part of the project involved Italian participants.
    • significantly
    • capturing
    • relevant
    • gradually
90. Name the type of judgment that is based on emotions or personal prejudices.
    • objective
    • emotive
    • scholarly
    • subjective
91. “I am an assistant professor at the department of Engineering, at the Islamic University … Bangladesh, where I am doing research … reducing fuel emissions.”
    • at, of
    • of, on
    • on, on
    • in, of
92. “I have attached a paper and some recent results, which I hope you will find … interesting … useful.”
    • same… as
    • such… as
    • and… and
    • both… and
93. We have shown that current English is considerably more simple and … than the English of 50 years ago.
    • quantitative
    • succinct
    • successful
    • regressive
94. The lesson starts with a discussion about how to … data and different methods to use. 
    • collect
    • collectivise
    • articulate
    • accomplish
95. Match the term to the definition: “to make a proposal and support it”.
    • to summarise
    • to suggest
    • to start
    • to state
96. Match the term to the definition: “the exact words of another author which you use in your essay”.
    • paraphrase
    • in-text citation
    • direct quotation
    • references
97. Many experts contend, …, that this evidence is not conclusive.
    • however
    • gradually
    • to start with
    • that is why
98. This work is a direct … of the work begun by McNeill (2012). 
    • criteria
    • continuation
    • acknowledgments
    • scope
99. To avoid plagiarism, you must give credit by acknowledging your source … you use another person’s idea, opinion, or theory. 
    • whoever
    • whenever
    • whichever
    • whosever
100. A/an… is an article that critically examines a new book or any other piece of writing.
     • summary
     • review
     • abstract
     • theses

 

Тема :: 5. Theoretical Phonetics

101. Prosodic units are ... .
     • syllables, accentual units, intonation groups, utterances
     • phonemes
     • morphemes
     • grammatical units
102. By changing the prosodic structure of an utterance one changes ... .
     • the meaning of the utterance
     • grammar
     • lexical structure
     • phonemes
103. The intonation group is ... .
     • higher than the rhythmic group
     • lower than the “syntagm” 
     • lower than “breath-group”
     • all of the above
104. Segmental units are ... .
     • vowels and consonants
     • morphemes
     • pauses
     • word stress
105. RP is based on ... .
     • Southern type of pronunciation
     • Northern type of pronunciation
     • Irish type of pronunciation
     • Scottish type of pronunciation
106. Each phonetic style is characterized by ... .
     • specific combination of segmental and prosodic features
     • morphemes
     • intonemes
     • lexemes
     • phonemes
107. Which of the following is not related to phonology?
     • metaphor
     • onomatopoeia
     • consonance
     • rhyme
108. The study of speech as a physical process is ... .
     • phonetics
     • photography
     • morphology
     • pragmatics
109. What is voice?
     • The sounds produced by the vocal folds
     • The sounds produced by the larynx
     • The sounds produced by the mouth
     • The sounds produced by speech
110. A phonological rule whereby a sound is made similar to a neighbouring sound is referred to as ... .
     • assimilation
     • dissimilation
     • metathesis
     • elision
111. /ri:d ðɪs/ becomes /ri:d dɪs/ is an example of ... .
     • progressive assimilation
     • regressive assimilation
     • coalescent assimilation
     • none of these
112. Elision of /t/ and /d/ can occur when ... .
     • they are preceded by a consonant with which they agree in voice and followed by another consonant
     • they are preceded by a consonant with which they agree in voice
     • they can never be elided
     • they are preceded by a consonant and followed by another one
113. The number of vibrations per second is called ... .
     • frequency
     • duration
     • intensity
     • tone
114. Segmental sounds and prosodic features are ... .
     • linguistic phenomena
     • physiological phenomena
     • grammatical phenomena
     • all of the above
115. The linguistic aspect of speech sounds is also called ... .
     • functional or social aspect
     • auditory aspect
     • acoustic aspect
     • physiological aspect
116. Phonology deals with ... .
     • functional aspect of the sound phenomena
     • articulatory aspect
     • perceptual aspect
     • physiological aspect
117. ... is a representation of a phoneme in a particular position context.
     • An allophone
     • A phoneme
     • A syllable
     • A morpheme
118. In Germanic languages the word stress originally fell on the initial syllable. This tendency was called ... .
     • retentive
     • constitutive
     • rhythmical
     • recessive
119. ... deals with the larger units of connected speech: syllables, words, phrases and texts.
     • Suprasegmental phonetics
     • Normative phonetics
     • Theoretical phonetics
     • Segmental phonetics
120. The allophones which do not undergo any distinguishable changes in the chain of speech are called ... .
     • real
     • objective
     • principle
     • subsidiary
121. The origin of the word is a Greek “phona” –
     • a sound, a voice
     • voice
     • vowel
     • articulatory, acoustic
122. ... sciences are connected with phonetics.
     • medicine, physics, psychology (pshychophonetics), mathematics, statistics, computer technologies, biology, engineering
     • mathematics, statistics, computer technologies
     • medicine, physics, psychology (pshychophonetics), linguistics, rhetorics, mathematics, statistics, computer technologies
     • computer technologies
123. Last segment of a complete intonation group is ... .
     • the tail
     • nucleus
     • the pre-tail
     • the pre-head
124. The most important component of the intonation group is ... .
     • the nucleus
     • the head
     • the tail
     • the scale

 

Тема :: 6. Stylistics

125. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     And the silken, sad, uncertain rustling of each purple curtain
     • Assonance
     • Alliteration
     • Graphon
     • Periphrasis
126. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     I hear your voice - it’s an angel’s sigh.
     • Metonymy
     • Irony
     • Epithet
     • Metaphor
127. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     The doctor wrapped himself in a mist of words.
     • Oxymoron
     • Antithesis
     • Metaphor
     • Chiasmus
128. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     Mr. Facing-Both-Ways does not get very far in this world.
     • Anaphora repetition
     • Aposiopesis
     • Antonomasia
     • Assonance
129. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     My dearest daughter, at your feet I fall.
     • Suspense
     • Ellipsis
     • Inversion
     • Climax
130. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     She was lovely: all of her—delightful.
     • Asyndeton
     • Detachment
     • Apokoinu construction
     • Antonomasia
131. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     The seeds ye sow—another reaps, The robes ye weave—another wears, The arms ye forge—another bears.
     • Chiasmus
     • Aposiopesis
     • Antonomasia
     • Parallel constructions
132. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     You can take the patriot out of the country but you cannot take the country out of the patriot.
     • Euphemism
     • Metaphor
     • Chiasmus
     • Antonomasia
133. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     They looked at hundred of houses, they climbed thousands of stairs, they inspected innumerable kitchens.
     • Suspense
     • Ellipsis
     • Inversion
     • Climax
134. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     Youth is lovely, age is lonely; Youth is fiery, age is frost.
     • Antithesis
     • Epithet
     • Pun
     • Zeugma
135. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     Soams turned away; he had an utter disinclination for talk, one standing before an open grave ... .
     • Polysyndeton
     • Asyndeton
     • Inversion
     • Detachment
136. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     The heaviest rain, and snow, and hail, and sleet, could boast of the advantage over him in only one respect.
     • Asyndeton
     • Detachment
     • Inversion
     • Polysyndeton
137. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     Good intentions but -; You just come home or I'll ... .
     • Anaphora repetition
     • Aposiopesis
     • Antonomasia
     • Assonance
138. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     A: Hullo! Who are you?
     B: The staff.
     • Ellipsis
     • Inversion
     • Oxymoron
     • Detachment
139. Define the type of the repetition in the sentences:
     It is natural to be scared in a case like that. You are sure to be petrified in a case like that.
     • Framing
     • Ordinary
     • Anaphora
     • Epiphora
140. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     Science! True daughter of Old Time thou art.
     • Synecdoche
     • Hyperbole
     • Simile
     • Personification
141. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     Across the country we went like the wind followed by a couple of black cars full of moustaches.
     • Metonymy
     • Irony
     • Epithet
     • Metaphor
142. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     He was a shy man, unable to look me in the eye.
     • Hyperbole
     • Simile
     • Synecdoche
     • Personification
143. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     Why do you come so soon? You used to come at ten o’clock. And now you come at noon.
     • Irony
     • Periphrasis
     • Meiosis
     • Euphemism
144. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     John said to Pete at dinner: "Carry on". But Pete never ate carrion.
     • Antithesis
     • Epithet
     • Pun
     • Zeugma
145. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     Dr Johnson drank his tea in oceans.
     • Hyperbole
     • Meiosis
     • Oxymoron
     • Litotes
146. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     She was not unhappy with him.
     • Oxymoron
     • Hyperbole
     • Meiosis
     • Litotes
147. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     The hospital was crowded with the surgically interesting products of fighting in Africa.
     • Irony
     • Periphrasis
     • Meiosis
     • Euphemism
148. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     A young lady, weeping softly in her mother’s lap:
     A: My husband just can’t bear the children.
     B: He needn’t bear children, my dear. You shouldn’t expect much of your husband.
     • Synecdoche
     • Pun
     • Periphrasis
     • Zeugma
149. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     He lost his hat and his temper.
     • Synecdoche
     • Periphrasis
     • Zeugma
     • Pun
150. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     By the time he had got all the bottles and dishes and knives and forks and glasses and plates and spoons and things piled up on big trays, he was getting very hot, and red in the face, and annoyed.
     • Asyndeton
     • Inversion
     • Polysyndeton
     • Detachment
151. Define the type of the repetition in the sentences:
     I love your hills,
     I love your walls,
     I love your flocks and bleating.
     • Framing
     • Ordinary
     • Anaphora
     • Epiphora
152. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     It will cost you a pretty penny.
     • Hyperbole
     • Meiosis
     • Oxymoron
     • Litotes
153. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     She went on to say that she wanted all her children to absorb the meaning of the words they sang, not just mouth them, like silly-billy parrots.
     • Metonymy
     • Irony
     • Simile
     • Paraphrase
154. Define what stylistic device is used in the following sentence:
     Mrs. Dave Dyer, a sallow woman with a thin prettiness, devoted to experiments in religious cults, illnesses, and scandalbearing, shook her finger at Carol.
     • Synecdoche
     • Periphrasis
     • Zeugma
     • Pun

 

Тема :: 7. History of language

155. The English language is ... in origin.
     • West Germanic
     • East Germanic
     • North Germanic
     • Celtic
156. The early Old English period began with ... .
     • the introduction of book printing
     • the introduction of Christianity
     • the Germanic Conquest of Britain
     • the Norman Conquest of Britain
157. The Old English period is marked by ... .
     • an entirely uniform language
     • a dialectal diversity
     • the rise of Standard English
     • the formation of a literary norm
158. Old English was mainly a/an ... .
     • synthetic language
     • analytic language
     • agglutinative language
     • artificial language
159. Another name for Old English is ... .
     • the period of full endings
     • the period of levelled endings
     • the period of reduced endings
     • the period of lost endings
160. Which historical event made available the Latin alphabet for Old English writing
     • the invasion of Britain by the Anglo-Saxons
     • the Benedictine Reform
     • the coming of Christianity to Anglo-Saxon England
     • the Norman Conquest
161. The Old English words mōdor (mother), sunu (son or descendant), brōðor (brother), sweostor (sister) belong to the etymological layer of ... .
     • common Indo-European words
     • common Germanic words
     • specifically OE words
     • Celtic words
162. In the Old English vocabulary Celtic loans are mostly found among ... .
     • words related to religion
     • poetic words
     • place names
     • words related to trade
163. The stress in the Old English words was always ...
     • on the first syllable
     • on the final syllable
     • free
     • on the root vowel
164. The Grimm’s Law expresses regular correspondences between ... .
     • vowels
     • consonants
     • diphthongs
     • digraphs
165. The Old English inflectional system is similar to ... .
     • modern English
     • modern High German
     • modern French
     • modern Norwegian
166. The grammatical categories of the Old English noun are ... .
     • person, number, case
     • gender, number, case
     • case, number
     • aspect, person, number
167. The part of speech that had a dual number in Old English is ... .
     • noun
     • adjective
     • pronoun
     • numeral
168. The Old English syntax is characterized by the ... .
     • fixed word order
     • free word order
     • prevalence of analytical constructions
     • wide use of prepositions
169. The Norman Conquest of 1066 brought the ... language to Britain.
     • Dutch
     • German
     • French
     • Welsh
170. The written standard in the Middle English period was formed on the basis of ... .
     • the South-Western dialect
     • the West Midland dialect
     • the East Midland dialect
     • the Northern dialect
171. In the Middle English vocabulary Scandinavian borrowings are mostly found among words connected with ... .
     • government
     • medicine
     • everyday life
     • church
172. In Middle English adjectives incredible, individual, legal, nervous, spacious, lucrative, secular, solar were borrowed from ...
     • Latin
     • Scandinavian
     • Celtic
     • French
173. The morphological class of Middle English verbs that became more numerous is the group of ... .
     • strong verbs
     • weak verbs
     • preterite-presents
     • irregular verbs
174. The Common case that appeared in Middle English is the result of merging of Old English cases: ... .
     • Nominative, Dative, and Accusative
     • Nominative, Dative, and Genitive
     • Dative, Genitive, and Accusative
     • Nominative, Accusative, and Genitive
175. The purpose of prescriptive grammars that appeared in the 18th century was ... .
     • to reflect the use of grammatical forms
     • to set the rules to be observed
     • to give precise definition of words
     • to give the pronunciation guide to words
176. The famous writer who contributed to the formation of English in the New English period was ... .
     • Geoffrey Chaucer
     • William Shakespeare
     • Aelfric
     • William Langland
177. The Great Vowel Shift was ... .
     • the change in the system of diphthongs
     • the change in the whole system of long stressed vowels
     • the change in the whole system of short stressed vowels
     • the change in the whole system of short unstressed vowels
178. Among New English irregular verbs there are ... .
     • former strong verbs that preserved the vowel interchange in the root
     • former weak verbs
     • borrowings
     • the verbs that are derived from other parts of speech
179. The part of speech that lost the greatest number of grammatical categories in New English is ... .
     • noun
     • adjective
     • pronoun
     • verb

 

Тема :: 8. Theoretical Grammar

180. The sentence "We are seeing our friends tonight" contradicts the rules of ... grammar.
     • prescriptive
     • descriptive
     • comparative
     • contrastive
181. Positional variants of the morpheme -e(s) [z], [s], [iz] (rooms, books, boxes) are in ... distribution.
     • non-contrastive
     • contrastive
     • complementary
     • proportional
182. Prefixes in-, im-, il-, ir-, having a negative force (invariable, impartial, illiterate, irregular) are ... .
     • replacive morphemes
     • free morphemes
     • segmental morphemes
     • allomorphs
183. Syntagmatic relations of interdependence are established as the result of ... .
     • association
     • predicative connection of words
     • subordination
     • coordination
184. "He called his sister a heroine" and "He called his sister a taxi" exemplify ... .
     • stylistic transposition
     • syntactic synonymy
     • synchronic polysemy
     • constructional homonymy
185. In the opposition "phenomenon – phenomena" ... .
     • both members are marked
     • both members are not marked
     • the singular member is not marked
     • the plural member is not marked
186. Lexico-morphological way of indicating gender distinctions entails ... .
     • a range of sex markers in word combinations (male frog – female frog)
     • word formation (god – goddess)
     • common dual generic terms (parent, sibling)
     • personal dual gender (student, teacher)
187. In the phrases "metallic voice", "silver cloud", "iron will" ... .
     • escriptive adjectives function as limiting
     • limiting adjectives function as descriptive
     • relative adjectives develop qualitative meaning
     • qualitative adjectives develop relative meaning
188. Verbs which can be used transitively or intransitively as in "He fired a gun" and "The gun fired" are termed ... .
     • ergative
     • subjective
     • objective
     • complex transitive
189. The sentence ... illustrates neutralization of oppositions between the forms of the Present Perfect and Present Indefinite.
     • You always come dreadfully late.
     • Does she often come in the evening?
     • Where do you come from?
     • When does the doctor come?
190. The sentence is the basic communicative unit distinguished from all other units by its ... .
     • signification
     • deixis
     • implicature
     • predicativity
191. S → NP + VP is an example of ... .
     • transformational rules
     • immediate dominance rules
     • lexical rules
     • phrase structure rules
192. According to L. Bloomfield’s classification, the prepositional phrases "in the house", "beside John", "by running away" are ... .
     • endocentric
     • exocentric
     • coordinative
     • subordinative
193. The form of subordination in "this problem", "these questions" is defined as ... .
     • agreement
     • overnment
     • adjoinment
     • enclosure
194. "You are joking, eh? So you knew about it before?" exemplify ... questions.
     • pronominal
     • tag
     • suggestive
     • echo
195. ... illustrates a special use of the continuous aspect marked by the absence of the temporary element of the usual continuous meaning.
     • Were you wanting a room?
     • I was talking to Tom the other day.
     • You are always wasting your money on something.
     • How are you liking your new job?
196. Subordinate clauses which always follow a link verb are called ... .
     • subject
     • predicative
     • object
     • attributive
197. Secondary predication is represented by ... .
     • I want that job finished today.
     • We can stay home if you want.
     • I talked with Bob about our plan, and he agreed to join us.
     • If you do want to visit this museum, let me know.
198. Inverted (reverse) actual division is exemplified by ... .
     • What’s on today? – We are going to the movies.
     • What are we doing today? – We are going to the movies.
     • Where are we going today? – We are going to the movies.
     • Who’s going to the movies today? – We are going to the movies.
199. "Work" in "Good results do not come from careless work" illustrates the case role of ... .
     • Agent
     • Patient
     • Source
     • Instrument
200. ... is an example of grammatical cohesion.
     • The crime rate is continuing to rise. It’s a national scandal.
     • There is some petty crime in our neighbourhood.
     • It’s a crime to let that beautiful garden go to ruin.
     • It’s criminal to waste so much good food.
201. The sequence "You make me tired. Completely finished and sick" exemplifies ... .
     • segmentation
     • parcelling
     • coordination
     • fronting
202. The supersyntactical unit is ... .
     • a complete syntactical unit
     • any passage, spoken or written
     • a combination of sentences presenting a structural and semantic unity
     • a linearly ordered set of discrete grammatical sentences
203. "I consider that the story is improbable" → "I consider the story improbable" illustrates the syntactic process of ... .
     • compression
     • contamination
     • condensation
     • elliptical reduction
204. "Say it clearly" → "Say it clearly and simply" exemplifies the syntactic process of ... .
     • expansion
     • extension
     • pecification
     • complication

 

Тема :: 9. General Linguistics

205. Linguistics can be divided into:
     • general linguistics and specific linguistics
     • general linguistics and applied linguistics
     • specific linguistics and concrete linguistics
     • anthropological linguistics and computational linguistics
206. Linguistics is a linguistic discipline that investigates ... .
     • specific languages
     • language and its structure
     • relationship between language and the mind
     • language in relation to social factors
207. Linguists in Ancient India distinguished between four categories of words:
     • nouns, verbs, preverbs, and particles
     • verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and nouns
     • nouns, adverbs, adjectives, and particles
     • nouns, verbs, particles, and interjections
208. Linguists in Ancient India were the first who differentiated between:
     • vowels and consonants
     • fricatives and vowels
     • vowels and sonorants
     • vowels and sibilants
209. Find the correct statement:
     • Analogists looked on language as possessing an essential regularity as a result of the symmetries that convention can provide
     • Analogists claimed that language can not support analogical reasoning
     • Analogists believed that rule is equal to analogy
     • Analogists did not assume that language is fundamentally rule-based
210. Alexandrian grammarians differentiated between eight parts of speech:
     • nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, particles, numerals, pronouns, and conjunctions
     • names, verbs, participles, numerals, pronouns, prepositions, adverbs, and conjunctions
     • nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, linking words, numerals, pronouns, and conjunctions
     • names, verbs, participles, articles, pronouns, prepositions, adverbs, and conjunctions
211. Find the correct statement:
     • The Stoics singled out types of relations within simple and complex sentences
     • The Stoics did not introduce the term “syntax”
     • The Stoics investigated comparative clauses in Old English
     • The Stoics coined the term "intonation"
212. Linguists of Ancient Rome identified a new part of speech:
     • interjection
     • noun
     • participial
     • particle
213. Glosses were divided into:
     • translated, interlinear, marginal, and etymological
     • translated, marginal, and explanatory
     • interlinear, translated, marginal, etymological, and explanatory
     • translated, interlinear, linear, marginal, and etymological
214. In the 18th century a new trend appeared in linguistics which was called ... .
     • philosophical
     • nominalism
     • scholasticism
     • syncretism
215. Find the incorrect statement:
     • the main representatives of nominalism were Anselm of Canterbury and Thomas Aquinas
     • the main representatives of realism were Anselm of Canterbury and Thomas Aquinas
     • the main representatives of nominalism were Rossellini and R. Beacon
     • the main representatives of scholasticism were Peter Abelard and Albertus Magnus
216. Dante Alighieri in his work “About the vernacular eloquence” (“De vulgari eloquentia”) differentiated between four large groups of languages:
     • Latin, Greek, French, and Slavic languages
     • Latin, Greek, Teutonic, and Slavic languages
     • Latin, Greek, Teutonic, and Italian languages
     • Latin, Greek, French, and Germanic languages
217. Giambattista Vico in his book “New Science” distinguished three stages in a language's history:
     • the language of heroes, of people, and of animals
     • the language of gods, of kings, and of people
     • the language of gods, of heroes, and of people
     • the language of gods, of people, and of artifacts
218. Find the incorrect statement:
     • according to “The Port-Royal Grammar”, the grammar must be general universal and logical, people have the same thinking and logic that’s why the grammar should be only one
     • each language has its own grammar
     • The Port-Royal Grammar became used as a standard textbook in the study of language until the early 19th century
     • "General and Rational Grammar, containing the fundamentals of the art of speaking, explained in a clear and natural manner" was published in 1660 by Antoine Arnauld and Claude Lancelot
219. Franz Bopp wrote the work ... .
     • Über das Conjugationssystem der Sanskritsprache ... (1816; “On the System of Conjugation in Sanskrit ...”)
     • “German Grammar”
     • Introduction to the Grammar of the Icelandic and other Ancient Northern Languages
     • Introduction to the Grammar of the Romance Languages
220. The representatives of Naturalism in linguistics are:
     • Herbert Steintal and Karl Vossler
     • August Schleicher, Karl Moriс Rapp, and Max Müller
     • Hugo Schuchardt, Nicholas Marr, and Jules Gilliéron
     • Edward Sapir and Leonard Bloomfield
221. The main work of August Schleicher is ... .
     • “A Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European Languages”
     • “Course in General Linguistics”
     • “The physiology of language”
     • "Language and Mind"
222. Max Müller singled out two phases in the process of language evolution. They are:
     • The stage of "language development" and the stage of "language decline"
     • The stage of "language generation" and the stage of "language decline"
     • The stage of "language emergence" and the stage of "language death"
     • The stage of "language birth" and the stage of "language death"
223. Etymology studies ... .
     • the development of the languages during a certain period of time
     • the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time
     • dead languages
     • modern languages
224. The Founder of Psychologism in Linguistics is ... .
     • Berthold Delbrück
     • Herman Steintal
     • Filippo Sassetti
     • Bertolt Brecht
225. Herman Steintal is considered to be a follower of linguistic theory of ... .
     • Wilhelm von Humboldt
     • Ferdinand de Saussure
     • Philipp Fortunatov
     • Oleksandr Potebnja
226. “The School of aesthetic idealism” was founded by ... .
     • Karl Vossler
     • Berthold Delbrück
     • Herbert Steintal
     • Filippo Sassetti
227. The representatives of “The Gilliéron School of Linguistic Geography” introduced the notion of isoglosses, which can be defined as ... .
     • the lines which mark out regions that have different linguistic features
     • the lines which mark out countries where people speak the same language
     • the lines which mark out regions that have common linguistic features
     • the lines which mark out countries where people speak different languages
228. The representatives of “The Moscow School of Linguistics” were ... .
     • Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, Nikolay Krushevsky, and Philipp Fortunatov
     • Philipp Fortunatov, Alexander Peshkovkij, and Aleksey Shakhmatov
     • Nikolay Krushevsky, Philipp Fortunatov, and Oleksander Potebnia
     • Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, Karl Vossler, and Philipp Fortunatov
229. Find the incorrect statement:
     • The representatives of “The Moscow School of Linguistics” proposed the theory of substratum and adstrat
     • The representatives of “The Moscow School of Linguistics” claimed that word combination is the main syntactic unit
     • Fortunatov formulated the idea of the internal and external development of language
     • "The Moscow School of Linguistics" is characterized by two main approaches to the phoneme
230. The main postulate of “The Kazan Linguistic School” was ... .
     • There is only individual speech, and national language exists only ideally
     • The national language is more important than individual speech
     • The language is the spirit of the nation
     • The form of a word is divisible into a basic property and formal properties
231. Who considered language to be a system, distinguished between such subsystems in language as phonetic, morphological and syntactical; claimed that there are two states of language: statics and dynamics; divided phonetics into anthropo-phonetics and psycho-phonetics?
     • Herbert Steintal
     • Jan Baudouin de Courtenay
     • Oleksandr Potebnja
     • Ferdinand de Saussure
232. The representatives of The Sociological Trend in Linguistics were:
     • Ferdinand de Saussure, Émile Benveniste, and Joseph Vendryes
     • Ferdinand de Saussure, Filippo Sassetti, and Karl Vossler
     • Joseph Vendryes, Wilhelm von Humboldt, and Jules Gilliéron
     • August Schleicher, Karl Moriс Rapp, and Ferdinand de Saussure
233. Wilhelm von Humboldt claimed that ... .
     • Language of the nation is its cultural heritage
     • Language is a system that consists of a set of interrelated elements
     • Language of the nation is its spirit, and the spirit of the nation is its language
     • Language of the nation is its philosophy
234. Find the correct statement:
     • According to The Sociological Trend in Linguistics, the main function of language is communicative
     • According to The Sociological Trend in Linguistics, language is not a system of signs
     • According to The Sociological Trend in Linguistics, language is the tool of thought creation
     • According to The Sociological Trend in Linguistics, language is the tool of image creation
235. Linguistics is divided into:
     • general linguistics and theoretical linguistics
     • theoretical linguistics and practical linguistics
     • general linguistics and applied linguistics
     • general linguistics and psycholinguistics
236. Find the correct statement:
     • Linguists in Ancient India considered a morpheme as the a basic unit of the language
     • Linguists in Ancient India considered a word as the a basic unit of the language
     • Linguists in Ancient India considered a sentence as the a basic unit of the language
     • Linguists in Ancient India considered a sememe as the a basic unit of the language
237. Pāṇini is known for his famous description of grammar:
     • Rig Veda
     • Ashtadhyayi
     • Classical Sanskrit
     • Modern Sanskrit
238. Linguistics in Ancient Creek is divided into two main periods:
     • Alexandrian and philosophical
     • philosophical and grammatical
     • Alexandrian and anomalistic
     • nominalistic and anomalistic
239. Find the correct statement:
     • Anomalists claimed that there are connections between the thoughts, things, and words in the language
     • Anomalists created laws and regularities
     • Anomalists believed that in language analogy must be present
     • Anomalists assumed that language is fundamentally logical
240. The Stoics divided cases into:
     • direct and specific
     • direct and general
     • direct and indirect
     • nominative and accusative
241. Aristotle claimed that each verbal expression has such constituent parts:
     • syllables, conjunctions, nouns;
     • elements, syllables, cases;
     • elements, syllables, conjunctions, names, verbs, cases, sentences
     • elements, syllables, names, clauses
242. The most important things that Romans did is:
     • they claimed that a sentence is a set of phrases
     • they saved the linguistics heritage of Greek;
     • they divided sentences into two parts
     • they distinguished between simple and complex sentences
243. The main types of dictionaries which were created in the Ancient Rus:
     • dictionaries-onomastykons, dictionaries-symbols, Slavo-Ruthenian dictionaries
     • dictionaries-onomastykons, dictionaries-symbols, dictionaries-signs
     • dictionaries-symbols, dictionaries-signs, Slavo-Ruthenian dictionaries
     • dictionaries-symbols, dictionaries-images, Slavo-Ruthenian dictionaries
244. Scholasticism had two directions:
     • realism and nominalism
     • realism and surrealism
     • nominalism and modernism
     • nominalism and premodernism
245. In the Medieval Period the synonym to the grammar in general was ... .
     • Latin grammar
     • English grammar
     • grammar of Ancient Greek
     • Sanskrit
246. Dante Alighieri in his work “About the vernacular eloquence” (“De vulgari eloquentia”) differentiated between (how many ?) small languages or dialects:
     • 7
     • 8
     • 4
     • 5
247. The main theories about the origins of language in the 17th and 18th centuries were ... .
     • the onomatopoeia theory, the interjection theory, and explanatory theory
     • the onomatopoeia theory, the interjection theory, and contractual theory
     • the explanatory theory, the interjection theory, and contractual theory
     • the explanatory theory, the interjection theory, and evolutionary theory
248. “The Grammar” by Meletii Smotrytskyi was published in 1619. In this Book the author divided language material into:
     • orthography, etymology, syntax, and prosody
     • orthography, phonetics, syntax, and prosody
     • orthography, etymology, grammar, and prosody
     • orthography, etymology, syntax, and lexics
249. Find the incorrect statement:
     • Jacob Grimm divided German into three main periods
     • Rasmus Christian Rask thought that the language consists of two main parts: words and connectors
     • Franz Bopp wrote “The study of the language”
     • Franz Bopp did not write “The study of the language”
250. The founders of Naturalism in linguistics claimed that:
     • Languages are artificial systems
     • Languages are social organisms
     • Languages are natural organisms
     • Languages are self-organizing systems
251. Who studied dead (Slavonic), extinct (Polabian language), and living (Lithuanian) languages; created comparative grammar of Slavic languages; distinguished between two principles of classification of languages: genealogical and typological?
     • Hugo Schuchardt
     • August Schleicher
     • Karl Brugmann
     • Leonard Bloomfield
252. Max Müller laid a special importance on learning of ... .
     • protolanguage
     • dead languages
     • living languages and dialects
     • Indo-European Languages
253. Linguopaleontology researches ... .
     • the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed over time
     • the relations between the history of language and the history of a nation, its spiritual and material culture, and geographical localization
     • the development of living languages
     • the origin of dead languages
254. Psychologism in Linguistics is characterized by ... .
     • the learning of individual speech rather than language
     • the use of mental factors for explaining linguistic phenomena
     • the use of language for explaining some mental processes
     • the use of psychological methods
255. Dissidents of Indo-Europeanism (Hugo Schuchgardt, Karl Fossler) criticized the work of ... .
     • Neogrammarians
     • The representatives of Naturalism in linguistics
     • Wilhelm von Humboldt
     • August Schleicher
256. What statement is incorrect?
     • Hugo Schuchgardt was the founder of “The school of words and things”
     • Hugo Schuchgardt created his own linguistic theory, that was named after him
     • The works of Hugo Schuchgardt influenced the emergence of new branch in linguistics - onomasiology
257. "The Gilliéron School of Linguistic Geography” was based on the principle of ... .
     • finding the differences between related languages
     • studying the distribution of languages through their history and space
     • mapping the spatial distribution of language, its grammatical, phonetic, and lexical phenomena
     • studying the geographic distribution of languages around the Ancient World
258. The representatives of which school proved that languages and dialects are not separate systems?
     • the representatives of “The Gilliéron School of Linguistic Geography”
     • the representatives of “The Kazan Linguistic School”
     • the representatives of “The Moscow School of Linguistics”
     • the representatives of the Prague Linguistic Circle
259. The representative of “The Moscow School of Linguistics” Philipp Fortunatov singled out ...
     • social dialects and regional dialects
     • regional dialects and standard dialects
     • subdialects and regional dialects
     • dialects and accents
260. Jan Baudouin de Courtenay introduced into linguistics the notion of ... .
     • lexeme
     • sememe
     • phoneme
     • morpheme
261. Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, Nikolay Krushevsky, and Vasilij Bogoroditsky were representatives of:
     • “The Moscow School of Linguistics”
     • “The Kazan Linguistic School”
     • The Sociological Trend in Linguistics
     • The Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School
262. The Sociological Trend in Linguistics can be defined as ... .
     • a set of trends, schools, and certain conceptions that interpret language as a social phenomenon
     • a set of trends, schools, and certain conceptions that interpret language as a psychological phenomenon
     • a set of trends, schools, and certain conceptions that interpret language in terms of the concepts
     • a set of trends, schools, and certain conceptions that interpret language as a biological phenomenon
263. Find the incorrect statement:
     • According to the Sociological Trend in Linguistics, the main function of language is communicative
     • According to The Sociological Trend in Linguistics, language is a system of signs
     • According to The Sociological Trend in Linguistics, language is the tool of thought creation
     • According to The Sociological Trend in Linguistics, language can not be viewed synchronically
264. According to Wilhelm von Humboldt’s morphological classification of languages, there are the following types of languages:
     • agglutinative, incorporating, isolating, and inflecting languages
     • isolating and inflecting languages
     • nominative, ergative, and neutral languages
     • agglutinative and classical languages

 

Тема :: 10. Linguistics

265. A writing system in which signs (symbols) that express objects and concepts are used instead of letters that correspond to sounds is
     • ideography
     • phonography
     • pictography
     • syllabography
266. Cursive handwriting, in which the letters of the coherent text are not located apart, but connected, is
     • italics
     • lapidary
     • linear
     • calibri
267. The concept "macrofamily of languages" ​​implies the existence between languages
     • genetic relations
     • etymological counterparts
     • common areas of use
     • common traditions and customs
268. The type of relations that shows the connection and interdependence between lingual units (units of any complexity) that simultaneously exist in linear relations (text, speech) is
     • syntagmatic relations
     • hierarchical relations
     • paradigmatic relations
     • semantic relations
269. The development of the concepts "system" and "structure" has been in the spotlight of linguistic knowledge
     • since the publication of the "Course of General Linguistics" by F. de Saussure
     • since antiquity
     • since the Renaissance
     • since the 21st century
270. The minimal unit of the speech chain, which is the result of a person's complex articulatory activity and is characterized by certain acoustic and perceptual properties, is
     • sound
     • phoneme
     • morphoneme
     • letter
271. Stressed vowels, which at the beginning or at the end have an overtone of another vowel, close to the stressed one, are
     • diphthongoids
     • sonants
     • diphthongs
     • sonorants
272. Pronunciation of a consonant, which is accompanied by lip noise, is
     • labialization
     • palatalization
     • velarization
     • assimilation
273. Functions of intonation are:
     • integrating, segmenting, emotional, differentiating, communicative
     • semantic, morphological, syntactic
     • communicative, perceptive, cognitive, metalinguistic
     • referential, directive, expressive, poetic
274. The science that studies proper names of all types, the laws of their development and functioning, is
     • onomastics
     • anthroponymy
     • toponymy
     • orthoepy
275. The generalized abstract linguistic meaning inherent in words, which has a regular expression in the language, is
     • grammatical meaning
     • word-forming meaning
     • lexical meaning
     • connotative meaning
276. The sameness of words pronunciation and spelling when distinguishing their meanings is
     • homonymy
     • paronymy
     • synonymy
     • antonymy
277. Obsolete words that denote the names of those objects, phenomena and concepts that have disappeared from modern life are
     • historicisms
     • neologisms
     • archaisms
     • jargonisms
278. Reproducible word-combinations that consist of two meaningful words, one of which has a free meaning and the other - a connected meaning, are
     • phraseological collocations
     • phraseological fusions
     • phraseological unities
     • idioms
279. Word relations in different groups that are combined with a common feature are
     • paradigmatic
     • syntagmatic
     • derivative
     • synonymic
280. The transformation of a word-combination into a state phraseological unit is
     • lexicalization
     • grammaticalization
     • semanticization
     • substantivation
281. The branch of grammar that studies the state of the grammatical structure of the language in a certain period is
     • synchronic grammar
     • diachronic grammar
     • general grammar
     • theoretical grammar
282. The generalized, abstract meaning of words that has a regular expression in the language is
     • grammatical meaning
     • lexical meaning
     • word-forming meaning
     • distributional meaning
283. Depending on the morpheme structure, all languages ​​are divided into
     • agglutinative and inflectional
     • root and affixal
     • isolating and open
     • active and dead
284. The historical process during which two words, stems or word-forms merge into one word or word-form is
     • agglutination
     • decorrelation
     • analogy
     • merging
285. The transition of word-forms to the class of adverbs is
     • adverbialization
     • adjectivation
     • substantivation
     • attribution
286. The branch of grammar that studies word-combinations, sentences, text is
     • syntax
     • morphology
     • semantics
     • lexicology
287. Type of subordinative relation in which the dependent word receives the same categories as the main word is
     • coordination
     • subordination
     • adjoinment
     • neutralization
288. The most important features of a sentence as a syntactic unit are the following:
     • predicativeness and modality
     • structure and significance
     • paradigmaticity and syntagmaticity
     • coherence and cohision
289. A sentence that has only the positions of the principal members - subject and predicate - is
     • unextended sentence
     • extended sentence
     • one-member sentence
     • affirmative sentence
290. Sentences, the predicative core of which is represented by two positions - subject and predicate - are
     • two-member sentences
     • unextended sentences
     • one-membersentences
     • complete sentences
291. The predicative structure of the sentence includes the following elements
     • subject, predicate
     • noun, verb
     • object, attribute, adverbial modifier
     • object, adverbial modifier
292. Pragmatic type of expressions which regulate the relations between communicators are
     • expressives
     • commissives
     • declaratives
     • promissives
293. Pragmatic type of wish expressions is
     • optatives
     • interrogatives
     • locatives
     • menasives
294. The genealogical classification of languages ​​is based on
     • comparative-historical method
     • method of scientific analysis
     • method of structural analysis
     • functional method
295. Germanic languages include:
     • English, Dutch, Flemish, German, Boer (a South African of Dutch), Yiddish (New Hebrew), and Frisian
     • Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Moldavian, and French
     • Portuguese, Romanian, Visigothic, Ostrogothic, and Burgundian
     • German, Boer (a South African of Dutch), Yiddish, Romanian, Moldavian, and French
296. Romance languages include:
     • Latin, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Moldavian, French, Catalan, Retro-Romance, and Sardinian
     • English, Dutch, Flemish, German, Boer (a South African of Dutch), Yiddish (New Hebrew), and Frisian
     • Dutch, Flemish, German, Portuguese, Romanian, Moldavian, and French
     • Portuguese, Romanian, Moldavian, French, Boer (a South African of Dutch), Yiddish (New Hebrew), and Frisian
297. A system is a coherent unity of interrelated language units. The set of connections and relations between the units of the language system constitutes its ...
     • structure
     • integrity
     • symbiosis
     • ambiguity
298. According to its internal structure, the language system belongs to heterogeneous systems, which consist of a certain number of ...
     • levels
     • rows
     • schemes
     • related signs
299. Each language level consists of homogeneous units, which in general comprise ... .
     • homogeneous system
     • heterogeneous system
     • symbiotic system
     • convergent system
300. The following types of relationships exist between units and levels of the language system:
     • paradigmatic, syntagmatic, and hyponymic
     • paradigmatic, syntagmatic, and symbiotic
     • paradigmatic, synonymous, and hyponymic
     • paradigmatic, syntagmatic, and antonymic