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The movement of people from rural to urban areas has been taking place for thousands of years. In recent years, however, urbanization has taken place at a faster rate than ever before. Urbanization _______ over the last 200 years. Today 70 per cent or more of the people in industrialized nations live in urban areas. In developing countries, the urban population is generally about 30 per cent. However, urbanization in many developing countries is _______. One of the most striking features of contemporary urban growth is the increase of large cities with a million or more people. Most of these million cities are in the economically developing world and they have a tendency to grow rapidly.
Scholars believe that _______ in the Tigris-Euphrates River Valley; where farmers learned to _______. These surpluses meant that it was no longer necessary for all the people to devote all of their energy to growing food. Instead some people could work at other tasks, such as making tools or weaving cloth. Dividing tasks among workers is called specialization of labor. The first cities were actually tiny villages. Over time some of these villages grew larger and larger, eventually _______. Yet even the greatest cities of the past, such as Athens, Greece, and Beijing, would not be considered large today. They included no more than 100,000 people. Today many cities have populations in the millions.
1. increasing rapidly
2. becoming great cities
3. slowing dramatically
4. the first cities developed
5. has increased dramatically
6. has helped to give many populations a mixture of races
7. grow surpluses of food
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Over a period of time population patterns were influenced by two population movements. One is migration, _______. The other is urbanization, _______ within nations.
The many migrations that have taken place throughout history have helped to give many populations a mixture of races, ethnic groups, languages, and religions. Migration does not add to world population. But it does change the population of specific areas. Migration from one country to another can be classified as emigration or immigration. Emigration is _______. Immigration is _______.
People migrate for many reasons. Oppression, war, or natural catastrophes force some people from their homes. Other people move to an area _______ or new opportunities — political or religious freedom, better jobs, a more favorable climate, and so on.
1. because they grew larger and larger
2. the movement of people from rural to urban areas
3. the movement of people into a country
4. the increase of large cities with a million or more people
5. because they are attracted by better conditions
6. the movement of people out of a country
7. the movement of people from place to place
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The population growth rate has not always been as high as it is today. Scientists, who study population trends, have found that population growth rates _______ and vary with the levels of a country's economic development. As a nation develops, it moves through four stages of population growth. In the first stage of population growth _______.
In the second stage of population growth technological advances in farming, nutrition, medicine, and sanitation result in increased supplies and improvements in health care. So people live longer and many more children than before live to become adults. The death rate drops rapidly and _______.
In the third stage most children live to be adults. In order to raise their standard of living many adults _______, thus lowering the birth rate.
Finally, in the fourth stage both the birth rate and the death rate are very low. At this stage, the population growth rate _______ and may even approach zero population growth. The four stages of population growth may not always apply to every country of the world but the understanding of the demographic tendencies helps put the world’s population growth into perspective.
1. the population begins to grow rapidly
2. give many populations a mixture of races
3. the number of people increases slowly
4. slows dramatically
5. differ in different parts of the world
6. begin limiting the size of their families
7. has increased dramatically
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Tall forest trees dominate the rainforest. They absorb and _______ for all other life forms. The equatorial climate has an enormous influence on rainforest vegetation. Annual rainfall is high, ranging from 1,500 to 4,000 mm, and temperatures are constant, between 25° C and 30° C all wear around. This gives ideal conditions for plant growth and _______ and biodiversity of the rainforests. On average, one hectare of rainforest supports up to 5,000 trees and a mass of living matter – biomass – weighing more than 11,000 tons. So diverse is the plant and animal life in the rainforest that some scientists believe _______.
Like a city, with two- and three-storey apartment buildings, and soaring office towers, the rainforest has its own vertical structure. The topmost layer is the canopy. Viewed from above, the canopy is _______. Sunlight streaming down on canopy is converted into plant growth. This abundant food source attracts huge populations of insects, mammals and birds. Lianas and other climbing plants hang from the forest trees. Many have aerial roots and _______.
1. that nearly 90 per cent of all species are found there
2. obtain their nutrients from rainwater
3. the rains began to fall
4. helps to explain the huge biomass
5. poured into the waiting ocean basins
6. use the sun’s energy and control the environment
7. like a green ocean
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The gradually cooling earth was enveloped in heavy layers of clouds containing much of the water of the new planet. For a long time its surface was so hot that _______ without immediately being reconverted to steam. This dense perpetually renewed cloud covering was so thick that _______. And so the rough outlines of the continents and the empty ocean basins were sculptured out of the earth in darkness. The earth’s crust having cooled enough, _______. Never have there been such rains since that time. They fell continuously, _______, days passing into months, into years, into centuries. They poured into the waiting ocean basins or falling upon the continental masses drained away to become sea.
That primeval ocean, growing in bulk _______, must have been faintly salt. But the falling rains were the symbol of the dissolution of the continents. From the moment the rains began to fall, the land began to be worn away and carried to the sea.
1. the rains began to fall
2. as the rains slowly filled its basins
3. no moisture could fall
4. obtain their nutrients from rainwater
5. no rays of sunlight could penetrate it
6. the rains stopped falling
7. day and night
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As the population has grown in size as people have become better off, _______ on the roads has grown enormously. In many towns this has led to _______. On the overcrowded roads vehicles can often travel only slowly, and sometimes traffic comes to a complete standstill. Minor accidents happen often. Traffic congestion is particularly bad during _______, although in fact these periods often last for much more than an hour.
In some of the largest cities of the world such as London, New York and Tokyo attempts have been made to overcome the problem of traffic congestion on the roads by building _______.
In some towns a system of one-way streets, those along which all vehicles travel in one direction only, has been adopted in an attempt to enable traffic to travel more quickly and safely. This is often quite successful, although the one-way system can be confusing to people who are not familiar with it. In some towns _______ have been created. These are streets which are closed off to vehicles except for those delivering goods to shops etc.
1. the most striking features of contemporary urban growth
2. the so-called rush-hours
3. the number of motor vehicles
4. specialization of labor
5. severe traffic congestion
6. underground railways
7. pedestrian zones
Most people who leave rural areas for the cities come looking for jobs and a better standard of living. They come, however, with little education. When they come to the city they are not qualified for the jobs that will pay them well. They either _______, or they take the jobs that no one else wants.
As city population increases, so do demands for housing, water, electricity, sewage disposal, schooling, and medical care. Cities in industrialized countries have difficulties meeting these demands. Cities in _______ have even greater difficulty providing for the people who think that in the cities they will find the fulfillment of their dreams.
The flow of large numbers of people into the towns often leads to _______. They are unhealthy and provide a very unsatisfactory environment for the people. The problem of the growth of slums can only be overcome by spending more money on _______ to make them more attractive places to live, especially in terms of employment opportunities. The governments of some countries have tried to do this by _______ if people are willing to set up new factories in rural areas.
1. developing nations
2. the most striking features of contemporary urban growth
3. the growth of slum settlements
4. developing rural areas
5. giving special incentives
6. developed nations
7. remain unemployed
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Trees are vitally important to world health on all levels. Globally, forests are _______ and their functions, biodiversity and economics. Some of the many key functions of forests include climate regulation, the cycling and distribution of nutrients, and _______. Trees cleanse the air and provide oxygen, help soil retain water, shield animals and other plants from the sun and other elements, and provide habitat for animals and plants. And don't forget the special beauty they give us throughout each year!
In recent decades about 2 percent of the world’s forest cover – _______ – were lost and not recovered, according the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). That rate continues today.
The fact is that trees now cover only about 29.6 percent of Earth’s total land area. With the vast improvement in human health and technology, the human population would grow. And _______ from the Earth would increase exponentially. When you consider that the world’s population has grown by more than five billion people since the Industrial Revolution, you can just imagine how much _______ to meet human needs!
1. this would mean that the demand for more resources
2. the provision of raw materials and resources
3. the world’s forests have been counted on
4. essential to the health of ecosystems
5. roughly 10 million hectares
6. less destructive since only specific trees are cut down
7. forest fires are another problem
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Deforestation continues to be a worldwide problem, reports the International Tree Foundation. “Over 78 million acres of trees are cut down every year”, said ITF representative Melissa Franks. “_______”
Deforestation is worst in the developing countries of Latin America and Africa. However, developed countries, like the U.S. and China, are not guilt-free.
“_______”, Franks said, “but that’s because they get much of their wood from other places”. The world’s old-growth forests are being destroyed rapidly. This is due to poorly managed logging practices. Clear cutting can wipe out a forest in just days. And selective cutting is not much better. “People think it’s less destructive since only specific trees are cut down. _______”, Franks said.
Strip cutting is the best method. It allows for regeneration. “_______”, Franks added. “They are less harmful, but still profitable”. The ITF says that forest fires are another problem. Surface fires generally do not destroy mature trees. However, crown fires destroy entire forests. Franks said, “Since global warming is getting worse, we are going to see more crown fires. _______”. After a forest fire has ended, it may be necessary to plant a second-growth forest in its place.
1. Logging is not a big problem in those countries
2. Even tree plantations are preferable
3. Trees cleanse the air and provide oxygen
4. That’s bigger than the country of Poland!
5. However, leftover plants are harmed in the process
6. Conditions are just too dry
7. Trees provide habitat for animals and plants
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We have learned to expect bad news when we hear about our planet. However, environmental _______. Ozone thinning has decreased since a number of nations agreed to the Copenhagen Protocol.
The ozone layer is vital to the health of many organisms, including humans. It reduces the amount of ultraviolet radiation that reaches thee Earth. Radiation exposure in human causes _______ like cataracts and malignant melanomas. Radiation also causes the death of phytoplankton, which performs an important role in regulating atmospheric CO2. Naturally, we want to protect the ozone layer.
A few decades ago, _______ that increased radiation was passing though ozone holes. They determined that compounds called CFCs were breaking down the ozone. The compounds were being released with the use of Freon. These included _______ and propellants in spray cans, among other products. These products depleted the ozone at an alarming rate.
In response, many countries agreed to phase out these harmful products. Unfortunately, ozone recovery may be a slow process. Seasonal ozone depletion remains high in some areas. However, _______ that ozone levels will return to normal in the next few decades.
1. scientists discovered
2. scientists have identified areas
3. scientists finally have good news
4. threatened species
5. scientists are optimistic
6. severe medical conditions
7. coolants in refrigerators
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Biodiversity is vital for a healthy planet. Every species relies on _______. To have species diversity, we must also have ecosystem diversity. These variations ensure that our planet maintains functional diversity. Humans correctly pose the biggest threat _______.
Scientists have identified areas where biodiversity is threatened. These biodiversity hotspots are the homes of _______. Other areas contain threatened species, which might become endangered. The risks to these organisms are very serious. If something becomes extinct, it will never come back again.
The Weekly Environmentalist encourages people to help preservation efforts. Donate money _______. Or volunteer at the gene bank that preserves endangered plants. Do you live in an urban area? Then visit a botanical garden _______. You can learn about animals and marine life, too. Just at your local zoo or aquarium.
1. to many species around the world
2. to learn about plankton
3. the death of phytoplankton
4. to maintain wildlife refuges for animals
5. other species for survival
6. various endangered species
7. not to return to normal in the next few decades
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Climate change, sometimes called “global warming”, is the most serious and most complex environmental issue ever to _______. The Earth’s climate is changing and extreme weather events – droughts, floods, and storms – _______. The climate has changed before, but gradually, long enough for most plants and animals to adjust through evolution or migration. Yet there is still much debate about the issues of the climate change and the threat it poses to the world.
Scientists say the temperature of the earth could rise by 3° C over the next 50 years. This may _______, and floods in others, as ice at the North and South Poles begins to melt and sea levels rise.
Scientists believe that rising global temperatures may _______ even more. Even slight temperature increases can shift low-pressure systems from their usual paths, causing sudden and significant increases in the frequency of heavy rainfall in a particular area. Small increases in event severity can _______. Thus climate change is expected to aggravate the upward trends of economic and human costs.
1. lead to multiple increases in damage and costs
2. accept responsibility and take action
3. increase the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events
4. are becoming more frequent
5. confront the international community
6. cause droughts in some parts of the world
7. to develop CO2 storage
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It’s true that throughout history there have been periods of global warming and global cooling. These were due to _______. But we need to face the truth: today, human activities are the main cause.
How? We burn fossil fuels. We cut down trees. We use chemicals in our farms. These activities produce _______. The effects are incredibly destructive. For example, these gases enhance the _______. The Earth heats up, and permafrost and ice in the Arctic Circle begin to melt. Melting ice reflects less sunlight and causes _______. Sea levels rise. Eventually, entire cities may be submerged and ecosystems will be destroyed. And that’s just one possible chain of events.
We must deal with this problem before we reach the tipping point for our climate. At that point, the effects will be irreversible. One solution is to develop CO2 storage. Geological formations like _______ for millions of years. All countries need to ratify and follow the Kyoto Protocol. This includes the U.S., the second biggest producer of greenhouse gases. Everyone must accept responsibility and take action – no exceptions.
1. even more heat to be absorbed
2. harmful emissions, like carbon dioxide and methane
3. oil fields and rocks may hold gases
4. droughts in some parts of the world
5. volcanic eruptions, meteors, and other natural events
6. factories and sewage plants
7. greenhouse effect
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Humans and other organisms depend on clean water for nutrients. Unfortunately, _______. To protect ourselves, we must also protect our water supply.
Pollutants come from many different sources. Point sources, like factories and sewage plants, are easy to identify and regulate. Waste can be treated before release. Then, _______ into flowing water. There, natural processes will cleanse the water and filter out degradable waste.
Nonpoint sources are more challenging to manage. These sources often leak pollutants into inaccessible groundwater. Since the water moves slowly, _______. Excessive nutrients leak into lakes and streams, causing cultural eutrophication. While some eutrophication is okay, too much algae impairs other life.
To address these problems, we must treat wastewater. Before water can be reused, _______. This can be done chemically by chlorination, or with UV light. For urban sewage, primary sewage treatment is a method that removes solids from waste. This can be combined with the biological purification of secondary sewage treatment. Together, _______. Septic tanks are a good way to perform treatment for individual homes.
1. they must deal with this problem
2. they remove up to 97% of organic waste from water
3. it does not dilute waste very quickly
4. it can be caused by tourism
5. it can be released under controlled conditions
6. it must undergo disinfection
7. human activities cause worldwide water pollution
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According to the WTO (World Tourism Organization), sustainable tourism should lead to the “management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while _______, biological diversity and life support systems”.
Perhaps more than any other industry, tourism depends on a _______. Helping to make destinations more attractive and supporting more environmentally sensitive practices can boost the profits of tourism businesses.
Many of the world’s larger tourism companies, from hotels to tour operators, are taking formal steps to restructure their operations along environmental lines – including _______, and other resources and improving the disposal of waste . Changes in the hotel industry can be particularly fruitful, not only because these facilities consume _______ but also because they can have enormous influence over the broader habits and practices of their guests, employees, and suppliers. A simple step such as _______ that encourage guests to reuse linens and towels when they are staying more than one night can conserve on average 114 liters of water per room each day.
1. threatened species
2. maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes
3. outfitting rooms with cards
4. large quantities of resources
5. reducing consumption of water, energy
6. clean environment
7. this can be done chemically by chlorination
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Ecotourism is one of the fastest _______. Tourists travel to enjoy nature and to observe wildlife, such as birds and whales. Popular activities include safaris in Africa, trekking in the Himalayas, hiking in the rainforests of Central and South America, and scuba diving and snorkeling in Southeast Asia and the Caribbean. WTO (World Tourism Organization) predicts that the most popular destinations in future will be _______, the depths of the oceans, and the Earth’s poles.
Some eco-resorts carefully monitor visitor impacts as well as _______. The most lodges are fueled by propane, solar, or wind energy rather than electricity or firewood, have no indoor bathrooms, generate minimum waste, use aerial bridges instead of roads or walkways, and ask guests to reuse sheets and towels.
Many early ecotourists were _______ and awareness; they took local transport, stayed in locally run accommodations, and ate locally. But today’s ecotourists are less intellectually curious, socially responsible, _______ than in the past. They demand higher-end facilities, consume more resources, and produce mounting levels of waste. And because their trips are often only a week or even a day long, they do not always feel the need to follow rules.
1. motivated by a keen environmental interest
2. the environmental damage caused by tourism
3. their own ecological footprints
4. growing segments of the tourism industry
5. environmentally concerned
6. influencing the animals’ feeding and social activity
7. the tops of the highest mountains
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The presence of tourists in the natural areas can _______. Around the world, whale-watching boats relentlessly pursue whales and dolphins and _______, influencing the animals’ feeding and social activity. Similarly, tourist vehicles that approach cheetahs, lions, and other animals in Africa’s safari parks can _______ from breeding or stalking their prey. Safari tourists are also the market for illegal elephant ivory.
The environmental damage caused by tourism can ultimately hurt the industry by destroying the very reefs, beeches, forests, and other attractions that _______. Already, global warming caused in part by rising aircraft emissions is raising sea levels and damaging coral reefs worldwide, threatening low-lying tropical countries like the Maldives. Germany’s Black Forest and Italy’s Adriatic coast _______. Cairo’s urban sprawl and pollution in Bangkok and Beijing alienate visitors.
Tourists must be made aware that just as they take souvenirs home with them, so they leave souvenirs behind. Every trip leaves a trace.
1. distract these creatures
2. lose visitors due to environmental deterioration
3. even encourage petting
4. attract visitors
5. growing segments of the tourism industry
6. affect wildlife behavior and populations
7. clean environment
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People are now more aware of how recycling can _______. Every day, we dispose tons and tons of garbage. Before we end up losing our natural resources because of the ill effects of too much garbage, we should practice reusing and recycling materials.
One way we can minimize pollution is through recycling and reusing garbage. When people burn garbage, this can harm the ozone layer and _______ which can lead to respiratory diseases like cough and asthma, among others. When garbage is thrown in the ocean, it could _______.
Recycling helps preserve our natural resources. Can you imagine how many trees are cut every day _______? Well, if we recycle paper products like newspapers and books, we can save more trees on earth.
Recycling gives green jobs. Did you know that recycling also provides green jobs to millions of people? When communities invest in efforts to recycle garbage and other waste materials, people are given the chance _______.
1. to work and earn money
2. include aluminum and steel cans
3. to provide us with all our paper and wood
4. help us improve our lives and save our natural resources
5. kill and affect our marine resources and coral reefs
6. to reduce the amount of materials
7. produce harmful gases
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Recycling is a process designed to recover and reuse materials instead of _______. Commonly recycled wastes include aluminum and steel cans, glass containers, and paper. Other recycling programs collect plastic, used motor oil, and automobile tires. Recycling helps conserve raw materials that _______. It also keeps materials out of landfills, helping reduce the pollution that may result from the disposal of various waste materials.
Recycling can help _______. It helps reduce the amount of materials that are wasted or thrown in landfills such as paper, plastic, glass, and aluminum. This also enables companies to rely less on raw materials, which _______. For instance, recycling plastic material requires less energy than _______. This is more cost-effective and environment-friendly because carbon emissions are lessened and energy use is greatly reduced.
Through recycling, people become aware of its importance and the word gets spread everywhere. This way, people can work together to help save the environment.
1. save on our expenses and resources
2. manufacturers would otherwise need to use
3. throwing them away
4. help us improve our lives
5. producing harmful gases
6. having it produced from raw materials
7. requires more energy for manufacturing a new product
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Our planet is our most precious resource, and managing that resource wisely is everyone's responsibility. Global, national and local initiatives are driving environmental responsibility from the top, while shoppers increasingly seek out _______ to their regular products.
Household names such as Toyota and General Motors are leading the way in greener working, and many more brands are using _______ to encourage sustainability.
Green management is about becoming aware of how your behavior, working practices or production methods _______, and making changes that reduce your environmental "footprint" and make your business more sustainable.
This often includes _______, water and energy that you use, and to minimize the waste that you produce.
Many of us want to "do our bit" for the environment, and there are many good reasons to do so. Preventing pollution, for example, can _______; protecting wildlife means that we can continue to enjoy our natural world; and reducing consumption preserves resources for the future.
1. their influence and purchasing power
2. expenses and resources
3. measures to reduce the raw materials
4. recycling programs
5. "eco-friendly" alternatives
6. impact the environment
7. improve our health
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Our waste disposal methods aren’t always the best. Consider this: the Pacific Ocean has a garbage patch containing about 1000 million tons of trash. Surely, there are _______.
Industrialized countries often put solid waste in incinerators or landfills. Waste-to-energy incinerators make use of garbage. They create energy and reduce garbage volume by 90%. Sanitary landfills _______ solid waste. And when they are full, the land can be developed. However, both of these methods create greenhouse gases. And eventually, all landfills leak. This can affect the groundwater supply.
Still, these methods are preferable to open dumps. These areas are breeding grounds for disease and water contamination. They are frequently found in developing countries because _______ or maintain. Yet the long term costs are worse than any other type, since the land is unusable for any other purpose.
Deep-well disposal is a safe way to store hazardous liquids. However, there are few places _______. Surface impoundments impact on the environment too. If it rains too much, they overflow, and waste gets into the surrounding area. But they are cheap and easy to build.
Toxic liquids can be detoxified, too. Bioremediation removes toxins _______. Phytoremediation is another clean method, though the plants used may become poisonous to animals. If monitored properly, they are effective disposal techniques.
1. they require the fewest resources to build
2. without polluting soil and water
3. "eco-friendly" alternatives
4. expenses and resources
5. hold large amounts of municipal and industrial
6. to employ this method
7. to provide us with all our paper and wood
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Some 300-500 tons of hazardous waste is generated worldwide each year. This amounts to roughly 50-83 kilograms per person a year – and _______ continues with no signs of slowing. Wastes are classified as hazardous if they exhibit one or more hazardous characteristics and appear on a list of waste streams or if they contain _______, such as asbestos, heavy metals, and several other chemicals. Many industries create hazardous waste, including medical care, mining, petrochemicals, and pesticides and plastic manufacturing.
Today, about 10 per cent of all hazardous waste is moved across an international border, mostly among industrial nations. They create more than 80 per cent of _______, including heavy metals, solvents, and toxic sludge. The primary exporters are Australia, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Canada has recently become a dumping ground for toxic waste in North America, owing to its less restrictive regulations. Canada accepts _______ from the United States than Mexico.
The governments want to reduce _______, while minimizing their generation, to promote disposal close to site of origin, and to prohibit trade with countries that lack the capacity to manage wastes in an environmentally sound manner. Waste shipments between developing countries are a growing concern. Illegal trade is also ongoing and difficult to stop.
1. much more hazardous waste
2. the world’s hazardous waste
3. "eco-friendly" alternatives
4. specified hazardous constituents
5. cross-border movements of hazardous wastes
6. hazardous waste generation
7. measures to reduce the raw materials
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One of the forms of toxic transfer is the relocation of industries and technologies _______ from industrial to developing countries. For example, the global shipbreaking industry has recently shifted its focus from industrial countries to Asia. Shipbreaking involves dismantling vessels contaminated with explosive gases, asbestos, and other toxins. Most of the world’s shipbreaking is now done by migrant workers in Asia, with little or no health protections.
People _______ have reported increased vulnerability to certain cancers, birth defects, and low birth weight. Babies _______ were found to have a higher risk of birth defects than babies living three to seven kilometers away. One study concluded _______ poses the same risk of having a baby with low birth weight as smoking during pregnancy.
However, new hazardous waste continues to be produced at the rate of about a million tons per day and is transferred in many forms, largely unmonitored. Only _______ and safer products can societies prevent the creation and use of hazardous materials and the growing waste crisis.
1. whose mothers lived within three kilometers of a landfill
2. that generate hazardous materials
3. that living near a hazardous landfill
4. who require the fewest resources to build
5. that lack the capacity to manage wastes
6. who live near toxic waste dumps
7. by incorporating cleaner technologies
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають відповідному пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
By establishing transboundary parks, conservationists hope to reconnect _______ that have been artificially cut off by political boundaries. By one estimate, more than half of all international borders were drawn up arbitrarily by just six colonial powers, typically as _______. Many of these borders bisect continuous deserts, forests, and watersheds, greatly increasing the political challenge of managing these areas.
Because of their large size, transboundary parks may be more effective than national parks by stemming species extinctions and protecting _______. For instance, they may be better able to support a more diverse gene pool for an animal or plant population, or to encompass the range required for mammals like elephant or buffalo. Transboundary parks can also serve as important wildlife corridors, allowing movement from one natural area to another, thus recreating _______.
There are administrative benefits as well. Often, park officials do not communicate or coordinate activities with their _______, though they may face similar challenges. By collaborating, parks can maximize efficiencies of scale and avoid duplication – sharing the costs for research, education, training, or equipment, for instance, or jointly combating illegal logging or wildfires.
1. valuable ecological processes
2. global campaign to save cultural heritage
3. single ecosystems
4. ancient migration paths on land or water
5. an outcome of war or political compromise
6. the capacity to manage wastes
7. cross-border counterparts
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають відповідному пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
The idea of protecting the world’s shared heritage emerged after World War II in response to growing concern about threats _______. UNESCO launched the first global campaign to save cultural heritage in 1960, when 50 countries raised money _______ from flooding due to construction of Aswan High Dam. Other early campaigns focused on conserving Venice in Italy and the Buddhist temples in Indonesia.
In 1972 UNESCO established _______ by adopting a treaty known as the World Heritage Convention. To date 172 of the world’s 192 nations have signed the treaty _______ of “outstanding universal value” that transcend national boundaries and belong to all humanity.
Nominations can come from any nation that has signed the World Heritage treaty. Member countries must individually nominate sites for inclusion on the list. Submissions must include _______. After receiving independent evaluations, the World Heritage Committee at its annual meeting chooses worthy sites.
1. to rescue the ancient Egyptian temples of Abu Simbel
2. The World Heritage List
3. a plan for managing and protecting the site
4. to collectively protect natural and cultural areas
5. an outcome of war or political compromise
6. to important cultural and natural landmarks
7. to provide us with all our paper and wood
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають відповідному пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
The beach can be a very relaxing place. There are so many things about the beach that make it a calming place. The most obvious things are _______. The less noticeable are what you feel, smell, and believe it or not.
Pollution takes away all the beauty of our beaches. Everyone hates to go to the beach and see trash bags lying on the sand, cigarette butts buried in the sand, and soda cans floating in the water.
One thing that really irritates me is when tourists leave _______. Another thing is when I see people walking right by rubbish and pretending that it's not there.
Trash _______ looks disgusting. Anything that will not break down is harmful. Trash left on the beach greatly affects nature. It could kill animals or hurt them badly. All animals, including humans, could get cut on sharp things. They can eat something that they shouldn’t and get sick or even die. If the beaches get too dirty, the animals might not stay there. If this happens, _______.
The beach should be a nice place to visit. It should not have glass or other trash washing up on the shore. People should cut the plastic canholders before throwing them away, so fish can’t get caught in it. People should learn to respect the beach! If everyone does their part, the beaches would be _______. We need to start now before the beaches are damaged beyond repair.
1. on our beautiful beaches
2. a plan for managing and protecting the site
3. the balance of nature could be lost
4. the sights and sounds from the water
5. single ecosystems
6. a wonderful and beautiful place
7. their rubbish on the beaches
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають відповідному пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
A valid answer for “Why do people immigrate?” is education. When one is _______ and opportunities in his country, he may choose to go abroad to enroll in world-class high school, colleges, universities, and graduate schools.
There are numerous political reasons _______. Some people leave their homeland because their political system in havoc. In addition, those who believe that they are not given enough political freedom choose to find it elsewhere. Some get a new citizenship in order to have _______, free from political disorder.
Other people’s answer to “Why do people immigrate?” is to be with their loved ones. Sociologists call this a “start of a series”, where the first person _______ send out a message to his family or friends that he is happy settled. He will tell everyone how his life has improved and he will try _______. There are those who leave their beloved native land to be with their spouse, who may have another nationality and begin their own family.
1. who migrate
2. managing and protecting the site
3. not satisfied with the educational system
4. a better living atmosphere
5. to persuade the rest to follow
6. associated with the term immigration
7. the balance of nature
Freshwater systems are divided into three zones. The _______ is where rain or snow collect in a standing body of water. These lakes generally form at high elevations. Flowing water then travels downhill in streams. The streams flow down to lower elevations in the _______. They may join with streams from other source zone. They become wider and wider as they flow down. Streams grow bigger until they become rivers. This is the beginning of the _______. This zone stretches all the way to the ocean. Shallow ponds and inland wetlands are often found in the floodplain zone.
A _______ is a distinct ecosystem that is inundated by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail. Some wetlands are obvious such as ponds streams, rivers, marshes, swamps and other _______. Inland wetlands come in many forms and can be freshwater, brackish or saline.
1. wetland
2. single ecosystems
3. floodplain zone
4. source zone
5. the balance of nature
6. bodies of water
7. transition zone
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають відповідному пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
Ecology is the scientific study of _______. The environment of an organism includes both physical properties and abiotic factors. Physical properties can be described as the sum of local abiotic factors such as isolation, climate and geology. Biotic factors are other organisms that share _______. The term “ecology” was coined by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel. One of the levels at which ecology can be studied is that of the biosphere. The biosphere consists of all the living matter on the planet or the portion of the planet occupied by life. The biosphere reaches well into the other spheres that make up the outer layer of the earth. The biosphere is only the _______. It is thought that life first developed in the hydrosphere, at shallow depths.
Soil contamination involves the alteration of the natural soil environment by the infiltration of _______ or by any other similar factors. The occurrence of this phenomenon corresponds to the degree of industrialization and the intensity of chemical usage. Soil contamination occurs directly when _______ are spilled on or buried in the soil. Another source of soil contamination could be water that has washed contaminants from an area containing hazardous substances.
1. hazardous substances
2. very thin surface layer
3. the distribution and abundance of living organisms
4. the world’s hazardous waste
5. the habitat of an organism
6. hazardous waste generation
7. man-made chemicals
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають відповідному пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
Radioactive contamination typically is the result of a spill or accident during the production or use of radionuclides. Contamination can occur from radioactive gases, liquids or particles. Nuclear fallout is the distribution of _______ resulting from a nuclear explosion. Surface contamination is usually expressed in units of radioactivity per unit of area. Surface contamination may either be fixed or removable. The danger to people or environment from radioactive contamination depends on _______.
The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear reactor accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in the former Soviet Union. It was the worst _______ accident in history of mankind. This accident resulted in a severe release of radioactivity into the environment following a _______ which destroyed the reactor. Ukraine, Russia and Belarus have been burdened with the substantial and continuing decontamination. Particularly dangerous are the highly _______ that accumulate in the food chain such as some isotopes of iodine and strontium.
1. hazardous waste generation
2. radioactive contamination
3. nuclear power plant
4. radioactive compounds
5. the nature of the radioactive contaminant
6. that generate hazardous materials
7. massive explosion
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
STUDENTS (CARRY OUT) MORE THAN 100 EXPERIMENTS THIS YEAR.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THE ROCK GRANITE (COMPOSE) OF SEVERAL MINERALS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THE PROFESSOR (MEET) AT THE AIRPORT BY A NUMBER OF REPORTERS TOMORROW.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
SOME ETHNIC GROUPS (DIFFER) PHYSICALLY FROM OTHERS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
WHEN AN ENGLISH SEA CAPTAIN FIRST (SEE) THE PACIFIC ISLAND OF NAURU IN 1789, HE CALLED IT PLEASANT ISLAND.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
IF YOU (SPILL) SALT AT THE TABLE YOU WILL HAVE BAD LUCK.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
HE SAID HE ALREADY (SPEAK) TO HIM.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THE AVERAGE OF DAILY WEATHER CONDITIONS OVER A LONG PERIOD OF TIME (KNOW) AS CLIMATE.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY (STUDY) THE RESOURCES, AGRICULTURE AND LAND USE.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
AFTER THE INTERVIEW THE SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATE USUALLY (OFFER) THE JOB IN THE COMPANY.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
A LEGEND OR KEY (EXPLAIN) THE MEANING OF COLORS AND SYMBOLS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
TEA (IMPORT) FIRST FROM CHINA IN THE 8TH CENTURY.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
IF HE (KNOW) ENGLISH BETTER, HE COULD WORK ABROAD.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
IF I (GO) TO JAPAN, I’LL PROBABLY GO TO A TEA CEREMONY.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
RECENTLY THE CLUB (LIMIT) THE NUMBER OF MOUNTAINS TREKKERS TO ONLY THIRTY A MONTH.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
IT HAS COME TO MY NOTICE THAT PRODUCTIVITY (FALL) IN THE LAST THREE MONTHS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
SINCE THE EARLIEST TIMES CITIES OF ALL SIZES (SERVE) MANY OF THE SAME FUNCTIONS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
IF WE (GO) ABROAD THIS WINTER, WE’LL HIRE A CHALET IN THE ALPS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THE POPULARITY OF ECOTOURISM (GROW) FAST NOWADAYS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
HEAVY DIVING AT MANY SITES ALREADY (CHANGE) THE COMPOSITION OF REEFS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THE OPERATOR ALREADY (INSTALL) POLLUTION CONTROL EQUIPMENT.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
LAST YEAR, THE CITY BUSES (BEGIN) TO RUN ON BIOGAS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
WATER AND ENERGY-SAVING IDEAS (PROMOTE) IN MANY COUNTRIES NOWADAYS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
SINCE 1953 COLON (HAVE) A FREE TRADE ZONE.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
SCIENTISTS USUALLY (SUBDIVIDE) ECOLOGY INTO A FEW FIELDS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THE WORD “ECOLOGY” OFTEN (USE) WITH REFERENCE TO THE STUDY OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
WE CAN OFFER YOU A SPECIAL RATE IF IT (BE) A GROUP BOOKING .
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
ICE (TURN) INTO WATER IF YOU HEAT IT.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
NEW DESTINATIONS (DISCOVER) EACH YEAR.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THE COUNTRY ALREADY (AGREE) ON EMISSION TRADING LICENSES.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
IF HE (LEAVE) EARLY, HE WILL BE ON TIME FOR THE MEETING.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
OUR TOURISTS ALREADY (VISIT) MANY REMOTE AREAS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
YACHTING (BE) A POPULAR PASTIME IN AUCKLAND SINCE THE 1870S.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THESE DAYS FOOD (BECOME) MORE AND MORE EXPENSIVE.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THE FATHER OF THE MODERN MASS TOURISM WAS THOMAS COOK WHO, ON 5 JULY 1841, (ORGANIZE) THE FIRST PACKAGE TOUR.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THE CITY (RISE) TO PROMINENCE IN 1364, WHEN CASIMIR III OF POLAND FOUNDED THE UNIVERSITY OF KRAKOW.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
WHY DON’T YOU GET A JOB IF YOU (NEED) MONEY?
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
IN THE 1960S, THE US CONGRESS (PASS) THE CLEAN AIR ACT.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
UNTIL RECENTLY SHE (READ) MANY ARTICLES ON CONSERVATIONISM.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
WHEN WE ENTERED THE ROOM, THE STUDENTS (WRITE) A TEST.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
PLANTS DIE IF YOU (NOT/ WATER) THEM.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
MANY FOREIGN STUDENTS (STUDY) IN UKRAINE.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THE CONVENTION (START) AT 9.00 ON MONDAY.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THERE WOULD NOT BE SO MANY CUSTOMERS IF THE SERVICE (BE) BAD.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
IF I (BE) YOU I WOULD JOIN THE COMPANY IT IS RATHER PROFITABLE.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
IF I (BE) YOU, I WOULD FIND WELL-PAID JOB.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
WE (NOT/HAVE) HOLIDAYS FOR TWO YEARS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
SHE ALREADY (MOVE) UP THE LADDER OF PROMOTION IN OUR COMPANY.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
IF I (BE) A MANAGER OF THE COMPANY, I WOULDN’T GIVE ALEX THE JOB.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
IF I (WORK) HARD, I WILL GET A GOOD SALARY.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
WE JUST (ARRIVE) TO MEET THE GROUP OF FOREIGN TOURISTS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
ALL AUDITORIUMS (EQUIP) WITH AUDIOVISUAL SYSTEM, DIGITAL PROJECTOR AND WI-FI.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THE SCIENTISTS (CONDUCT) THEIR RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF DEMOGRAPHY FOR THREE YEARS.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THE TOWER OF LONDON (BUILD) BY WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THE SCIENTISTS (MAKE) LITTLE PROGRESS IN THE FUNDAMENTAL THEORY LATELY.
_______
Впишіть правильну відповідь (в поля потрібно вписати дієслово, яке знаходиться в дужках в правильній формі)
THERE (BE) MANY FACTORS THAT CAN AFFECT THE SITUATION.
_______
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a small river or brook
to move by land
region of the old mountains
a deterioration of soil quality because it has not been used properly
the state of being able to continue without being harmful or damaging to the environment
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a small river or brook
inland; away from the coast
waste organic matter
powerful energy that is produced by the sun and
can cause illness in organisms that are exposed to high levels of it
a container that holds and treats household sewage before it is released into the soil
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a small river or brook
set up; establish
of little depth
a city that is hotter than surrounding, less developed areas
the ability to become strong, happy or successful again after a difficult situation or event
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
layer of solid matter
a tool or piece of equipment made for particular purpose
the act of watching something carefully, especially to learn something
a gas that has no colour or smell that people and animals breathe out of their lungs
when something increase in size, range, amount etc.
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
to crash; to hit something very hard while moving
to move by land
region of the old mountains
to use time, energy, good etc.
a decrease in the quality, quantity or importance of something
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a small river or brook
to hit something very hard while moving
make untidy or uneven
the elimination of unnecessary materials
type of environment that is described according to the typical weather conditions and plants that exist there
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a small river or brook
to move by land
outer form
energy in the form of very strong, invisible light that can be used to disinfect something
a balance between different people, groups, or forces that compete with each other, so that none is stronger than the others and a situation is not likely to change suddenly
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
waste organic matter
a high, very steep area of rock, especially one next to the sea
region of high temperature
the world, the planet on which we live
the length of time that a person or animal is expected to live
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
restored to the original condition
a high, very steep area of rock, especially one next to the sea
a type of natural renewable resource
a waste disposal facility where a thin layer of solid waste is condensed and then covered with a layer of foam to prevent or reduce water contamination, fire, smell, and access for pests.
economic development that is able to continue without causing damage to the environment
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
power of doing something
a type of energy
non-renewable resource
the cutting or burning down of all the trees in the area
the movement of acid compounds from the atmosphere to the ground, often causing damage to organisms.
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
the distance above the earth’s suface
a large hole in the side of a cliff
region of lakes
the speed at which something happens
a method for disinfecting something that involves the use of the chemical chlorine
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
the amount of moisture in the air
a mineral that the body needs to work normally
the hard, solid material that forms part of the surface of the earth
an area in the Earth's stratosphere where the layer of ozone is very thin
the occurrence of salt in soil and water resulting from human activities
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
the top layer of an area of water or land
a large, natural flow of water that goes across land and into the sea
the hard, solid material that forms part of the surface of the earth
the part of ecology in which ecosystems of high hierarchical levels including biosphere are researched
the variety of plants and animals in a particular place
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
the condition of atmosphere
material that is burned to produce heat or power
the hard, solid material that forms part of the surface of the earth
the atmosphere layer with the greatest density of fresh, pure air at the height of 20-25 km which absorbs ultraviolet radiation
a group of factors determining the influence of organisms on the environment
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a large, natural flow of water that goes across land and into the sea
a large, natural flow of water that goes across land and into the sea
a high area of land
the number of babies born in a particular group of people during a particular period of time
an alteration in weather patterns over a long period of time
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
the process of producing goods
land surrounded by water
region of the old mountains
a phenomenon in which gases trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere
a natural phenomenon in which the Earth’s temperature decreases
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a large, natural flow of water that goes across land and into the sea
a violent disturbance of the atmosphere with strong winds
precipitation from clouds in the form of
drops of water, formed by the condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere
latitude 0 0
a process in which sewage is filtered with screens that separate solid and liquid parts.
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a large, natural flow of water that goes across land and into the sea
he point where a river issues into a sea or lake
precipitation from clouds in the form of drops of water
physical harm that impairs the value, usefulness or normal function of something
cultural traditions that have been passed down from previous generations
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
the top layer of land
a person who studies geography
a person who leaves a native country, to settle in another
the process of becoming healthy or normal again after being damaged or injured,
the natural occurrence of salt in soil and water sources.
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a large, natural flow of water that goes across land
hot liquid rock that comes out of a volcano
a large, heavy piece of something
chemical element that is found in all living things
the process in which ozone in the stratosphere becomes depleted and allows stronger ultraviolet radiation to pass through to the Earth.
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
natural flow of water that goes across land and into the sea
region of the old mountains
to move by land
is a type of very small plant that lives in water and is responsible for removing large amounts of C0 2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis
a type of air pollution that is made up of primary and secondary pollutants reacting with ultraviolet radiation from the sun
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
oil that is obtained from below the surface of the Earth
denoting a scale of temperature on which water freezes at 32° and boils at 212° under standard conditions
the amount of water in the air
an area protected by the state for the enjoyment of the general public or the preservation of wildlife
a harmful chemical that is released directly into the air, either by human action or a natural process
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
waste organic matter
a large mass of ice that moves slowly down a valley
mass of very small drops of liquid in the air
a theory that promotes the creation of cities, towns, and farms based on sustainable practices
a form of oxygen that surrounds the Earth in the stratosphere and protects it from the sun's harmful rays
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a place where water comes up naturally from under the ground
the substance that plants, trees, etc. grow in
the surface of the earth
something that releases pollutants into water in a general area rather than one specific location, such as near cropland or urban streets.
the natural world, including the land, water, air, plants and animals,
especially considered as something that is affected by human activity
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
restored to the original condition
a large mass of ice that moves slowly down a valley
the surface of the earth
the practice of farming without the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, or chemicals, using only natural products
a place, usually an empty field or large hole, where waste is dropped off. Sometimes, a layer of soil is put over the waste
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a substance that pollutes air, water and etc.
picture taken from above the earth
a large, natural flow of water that goes across land into the sea
a greenhouse gas that traps heat in the atmosphere and is often produced by human activities
the process of cutting down trees and selling the timber.
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a change of place or position
a place where water comes up naturally from under the ground
the process by which sunlight warms the earth
the degree to which an area is filled with people or things
a substance that pollutes air, water and etc.
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a place where water comes up naturally from under the ground
region of the old mountains
to move by land
the layer of the planet Earth where life exists
excessive noise that causes hearing difficulties, stress, lack of concentration, or other adverse effects
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
buried in earth, now hardened by rock
degree of precipitation
an arrow that points north
the transport of water to plants by artificial means, such as through canals or a system of pipes
the process by which green plants and cert certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
water cycle
a substance that pollutes air, water and etc.
a group of mountains
a type of air pollution that is made up of mostly sulfur dioxide from burning coal. It appears as a thick, gray haze.
a person who studies the human population and the ways in which they change
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
layer of solid matter
the solid part of the surface of the earth
old mountains
a substance that is used to kill weeds
a harmful chemical that is formed when two or more non-harmful chemicals react with each other
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
power of doing work
the shapes on the earth’s surface
picture taken from above the earth
a process in which nutrients run into a lake or a slow-moving body of water and affect the growth patterns of organisms.
gas that is released into the atmosphere.
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a substance that pollutes air, water and etc.
the study of the relationship between people
a change of place or position
the increase of temperature in the Earth's atmosphere
the process by which scientific methods are applied in order to manipulate genetic material
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
black mineral that burns
towards the interior of something
an arrow that points north
a method of treating hazardous waste through the use of bacteria and other organisms that destroy or neutralize poisonous substances
the process of removing disease-carrying bacteria from something.
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
a substance that pollutes air, water and etc .
a group of mountains
explains the meaning of symbols and colours used on a map
all the plants and the living creatures in a particular area considered in relation to their physical environment
an event that damages an area and often causes loss of life.
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом :
towards the interior of something
waste organic matter
a group of mountains
the relationship between living things and their surroundings
to make something weaker or less concentrated by adding another material to it
Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
BEING “GREEN” IS GREAT (1) FOR THE PLANET, BUT (2) IT CAN ALSO TO (3) SAVE MONEY FOR (4) YOUR ORGANIZATION.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
ASK 100 PEOPLE (1) WHAT “GREEN” MEANS (2) AND YOU BE (3) GET 100 DIFFERENT (4) ANSWERS.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
MANY OF US WANTS (1) TO “DO OUR (2) BIT” FOR THE ENVIRONMENT, AND THERE (3) ARE MANY GOOD REASONS (4) TO DO SO.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
OUR PLANET IS THEIRS (1) MOST PRECIOUS (2) RESOURCE, AND MANAGING (3) THAT RESOURCE WISELY IS EVERYONE’S (4) RESPONSIBILITY.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
OUR (1) WASTE DISPOSAL (2) METHODS ISN ’ T (3) ALWAYS THE (4) BEST .
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
INDUSTRIALIZED (1) COUNTRIES OFTEN PUTS (2) SOLID WASTE (3) IN INCINERATORS OR (4) LANDFILLS.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
DEEP-WELL DISPOSAL (1) CITES CAN TO (2) OVERFLOW IF THERE (3) IS A LOT (4) OF RAIN.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
NEW HAZARDOUS (1) WASTE CONTINUES TO BEING (2) PRODUCED AND IS TRANSFERRED (3) IN MANY FORMS , LARGELY (4) UNMONITORED .
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
BABIES WHOM (1) MOTHERS LIVED WITHIN (2) THREE KILOMETRES OF A LANDFILL (3) HAVE A HIGHER RISK (4) OF HEALTH DEFECTS .
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
REGIONAL BANS (1) IN AFRICA AND LATIN (2) AMERICA FORBID IMPORTING ASBESTOS, UNREGISTERED (3) PESTICIDES, AND ANOTHER (4) HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
PEOPLES (1) WHO LIVE NEAR (2) TOXIC WASTE DUMPS (3) HAVE BIG HEALTH (4) PROBLEMS.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
CANADA ACCEPTS (1) MUCH MORE HAZARDOUS (2) WASTE FROM (3) THE UNITAD STATES THEN (4) MEXICO.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
BABIES WHOSE (1) MOTHERS LIVED WITHIN (2) THREE KILOMETRES OF A LANDFILL HAS (3) A HIGHER RISK OF HEALTH (4) DEFECTS.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
HAZARDOUS (1) WASTE GENERATION (2) CONTINUES WITH NOONE (3) SIGN OF (4) SLOWING.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
MUCH (1) INDUSTRIES CREATE HAZARDOUS (2) WASTE, INCLUDING MINING, PETROCHEMICALS (3), AND PESTICIDES AND PLASTIC (4) MANUFACTURING.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
PEOPLE WHICH (1) LIVE NEAR TOXIC (2) WASTE DUMPS HAVE (3) SIGNIFICANT HEALTH (4) PROBLEMS.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
THE GOVERNMENTS WANTS (1) TO REDUCE (2) CROSS-BORDER MOVEMENTS (3) OF HAZARDOUS WASTE (4).
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
TODAY, ABOUT (1) 10 PER CENT (2) OF ALL HAZARDOUS WASTE IS MOVE (3) ACROSS AN INTERNATIONAL (4) BORDER.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
OUR PLANET IS OUR (1) MOST PRECIOUS (2) RESOURCE, AND TO MANAGING (3) THAT RESOURCE WISELY (4) IS EVERYONE’S RESPONSIBILITY.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
WASTES ARE CLASSIFIED (1) AS HAZARDOUS IF THEM (2) EXHIBIT ONE (3) OR MORE HAZARDOUS (4) CHARACTERISTICS.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
RECYCLING (1) IS A PROCESSES (2) DESIGNED TO RECOVER (3) AND REUSE MATERIALS (4) .
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
THE IDEA (1) OF CONSERVATION IS PROBABLY (2) AS OLD THAN (3) THE HUMAN (4) SPECIES.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
ECOLOGY (1) IS CONCERN (2) WITH THE RELATIONSHIP (3) BETWEEN LIFE (4) AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
THERE ARE NUMEROUS PROCESSES WHO (2) CAN BE USED (3) TO CLEAN UP WASTE (4) WATERS.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
RADICAL SOIL CHEMISTRY (1) CHANGES CAN TO RESULT (2) FROM THE PRESENCE (3) OF MANY HAZARDOUS (4) CHEMICALS.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
THERE ARE MUCH (1) DIFFERENT HEALTH (2) CONSEQUENCES FROM (3) EXPOSURE TO SOIL (4) CONTAMINATION.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
SOIL CONTAMINATION (1) OCCURS DIRECTLY WHEN (2) HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES (3) ARE SPILL (4) ON THE SOIL.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
A POLLUTANT CAN (1) BE CLASSIFIED (2) AS EITHER (3) PRIMARY NOR (4) SECONDARY.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
THERE ARE MANY SUBSTANCES (1) IN THE AIR (2) WHICH MAYS (3) ADVERSELY AFFECT THE HEALTH (4) OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
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Оберіть номер, якому відповідає лексична або граматична помилка в одному з підкреслених фрагментів речення:
THE ATMOSPHERE (1) IS A COMPLEX, DYNAMIC NATURAL (2) GASEOUS SYSTEM, WHO (3) IS ESSENTIAL FOR THE EXISTENCE (4) OF LIFE ON OUR PLANET.
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