Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
the body’s transport system;
a scientific theory that essentially states species change over time
brings air into the body
prevents threatening substances from entering your body
excrete the invaders from your body
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
the defense system of the body
the process by which biologically evolutionary changes take place
the body’s transport system
a scientific theory that essentially states species change over time
breaks down food into protein, vitamins and minerals
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
infective agents that stopped ordinary bacteria
the study of heredity and how qualities and characteristics are passed on from one generation to another by means of genes
puts spots on tobacco leaves
a scientific theory that essentially states species change over time
fights disease
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
microbes on host cells
the part of a cell in a living thing which controls its physical characteristics, growth, and development
support and protect nerve cells;
conduct nerve impulses
eliminates waste from the gastrointestinal system
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
a microorganism or virus that causes disease
the simplest organism, lacking the cell nucleus found in other microbes
the hairy cells
inorganic chemicals
body fluids
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
a tiny parasite living, growing and reproducing inside a host cell
a red blood cell
heritable characteristic carried by a sex chromosome
tiny hair-like protein
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
a part of a cell in an animal or plant containing genes which determine what characteristics the animal or plant will have
a group of proteins which are active in the immune system
the body’s transport system
a system made of group of glands that produces hormones
excretes the invaders from the body
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
a type of white blood cell
the study of inheritance in relation to the structure and function of chromosomes
a scientific theory that essentially states species change over time
migrates to the lymph
pumps the blood
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
a chemical substance that is found in living creatures which produces changes in other substances without being changed itself
made of group of glands that produces hormones
a substance that helps the production of antibodies
muscle tissue
a fallopian tube
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
an unborn animal or human being in the very early stages of development
chemicals that control body functions
a fallopian tube
tiny hair-like protein
powerful stomach acids
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
removal and testing of a small amount of fluid from around the embryo
the complete set of genes present in an organism
invisible massagers of tuberculosis
pathogens
damages or destroys the cell
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
viruses that parasites on bacteria
each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome
the multiplications of cancer cells
conducts and transmits signals
relaxes cardiac muscles
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
relationships in which one allele is dominant and the other is recessive
thin tubes
travel from the fallopian tube
control body functions
fertilized eggs
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
relationships in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele
the system that excretes the invaders from the body
relationships in which one allele is dominant and the other is recessive
the brain and the spinal cord
the bloodstream
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
relationships in which neither allele is dominant, but both alleles for a specific trait are completely expressed
involuntary muscles
veins in our body
relationships in which one allele is dominant and the other is recessive
illness which affects a person
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
a particular characteristic, quality, or tendency that someone or something has
made up of nucleic acid and nucleoproteins
decomposes the compost;
maintains tissue stiffness
made up of dozens of proteins
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
an acid in the chromosomes of the cells of living things which passes information about protein structure between different cells
an organ in the body which produces chemical substances for the body to use or get rid of
damage the human body system;
respond to dangerous organisms
brings blood back to the heart
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells
carries the nerve impulses to the muscles and glands
enters the biggest artery
branches into smallest vessels
travel over the body
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
a chemical compound which causes chromosomes to double in number
fights infection by sobbing up antigens
excesses fluid away
processes nerve impulses
responds the environment
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
an organism which lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other's expense
the product of reproduction of a new organism produced by one or more parents
the simplest organism, lacking the cell nucleus found in other microbes
a tiny parasite living, growing and reproducing inside a host cell
the principal rickettsial disease
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
t he application of methods using recombinant DNA to give new genetic traits to an organism by introducing new genes into its
cells
a group of living organisms whose members are similar and can breed together to produce young animals or plants
two organs inside your chest which fill with air when you breathe in
the top part of your body, which has your eyes, mouth, and brain
relating to the heart
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
the evolution of large taxonomic groups such as genera and families
substances which a person's or an animal's body produces in their blood in order to destroy substances which carry disease
a scientific theory that essentially states species change over time
a substance that helps the production of antibodies
all your physical parts, including your head, arms, and legs
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
a class of similar things, especially a group of animals or plants that includes several closely related species
an organ near your stomach that controls the quality of your blood
a cell that is produced in the bodies of female animals and humans
the organ inside your body where food is digested
the red liquid that flows inside your body
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
something which causes physical or mental suffering
a band of strong tissue in a person's body which connects bones
a substance that helps the production of antibodies
long parts of a person or animal’s body that they use to stand on
a liquid
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
a strong cord in a person's or animal's body which joins a muscle to a bone
the presence of certain inherited brain and nerve abnormalities
the two long parts of your body that are attached to your shoulders and that have your hands at the end
a substance that helps the production of antibodies
the hard parts inside your body which together form your skeleton
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
the mating and production of offspring by animals
the tubes in your body through which food passes when it has left your stomach
the 12 pairs of curved bones that surround your chest
the organ inside your body where food is digested before it moves into the intestines
the soft fatty substance inside human or animal bones
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
a change on the genetic level of a population
a substance that helps the production of antibodies
actions done because someone chooses to do them and not because they have been forced to do them
the organ in your chest that pumps the blood around your body
the biggest artery
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
the purposeful breeding of certain traits over others
the process by which features and characteristics are passed on from parents to their children before the children are born
the air that you let out through your mouth when you breathe
a serious infectious disease that affects someone's lungs
relating to or forming the central axis or backbone
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
two tubes which connect your windpipe to your lungs
expressed physical trait that can be seen
the red liquid that flows inside your body
a colourless cell which circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease
any of the major air passages of the lungs which diverge from the windpipe
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
a sphere-shaped bacterium
any genetic change in a population that is inherited over several generations
the defence system against infections and diseases
fighting infection by sobbing up antigens
the defence system of the body
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
THE SERIOUS DISEASE OF THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (NOT ALLOW) HER TO HAVE CHILDREN.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
WILL YOU BUY AN ELECTRIC CAR WHEN THEY (BECOME) CHEAPER?
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
THE ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME (REMAIN) INDEPENDENT WITHIN HOST CELLS.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
EACH HUMAN CHROMOSOME (CONTAIN) ONE VERY LONG DNA MOLECULE.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN THE MUTATED DNA (EXPRESS) IT CAN CAUSE A CHANGE IN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIVIDUAL CELL OR AN ORGANISM.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
THE INFORMATION (STORE) IN GENES.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
ONCE VIRAL SURFACE PROTEINS INTERACT WITH RECEPTORS ON THE HOST CELL, THE VIRAL DNA (INJECT) INTO THE CELL.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
TELOMERES (LOCATE) AT THE ENDS OF CHROMOSOMES.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
THE VARIANTS THAT ARISE BY MUTATION (NOT TRANSMIT) EQUALLY FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
THE DOUBLE HELIX (HOLD) TOGETHER BY HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN PAIRS OF BASES IN THE TWO CHAINS.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
THE MICROBES (NOT SEE) WITHOUT A MICROSCOPE.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
PULSE RATE (MEASURE) IN BEATS PER MINUTE.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
AFTER AN IMPULSE HAS BEEN TRANSMITTED ACROSS, THE CHEMICAL TRANSMITTER (REMOVE) FROM THE SYNAPSE.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
NOWADAYS, GENETICS (MAKE) IT MUCH EASIER TO DETECT GENETIC DISORDERS.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
MANY AMERICANS (TURN) NOW TO HERBAL REMEDIES TO EASE ARTRITIS PAIN.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
I’VE LOST MY PHONE AGAIN. I ALWAYS (LOSE) THINGS.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
THIS PROBLEM STILL (RESEARCH).
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
LIVING CREATURES MIGHT ALSO HAVE STRUCTURES THAT THEY (INHERIT) FROM AN ANCESTOR
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
SO FAR, WE (EXAMINE) HOW AN ACTION POTENTIAL IS GENERATED AT THE POINT OF STIMULATION.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
SCIENTISTS (FIND) OUT THAT THE POWER AND STRENGTH OF THE BRAIN IS BEST AT 22.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
SCIENTISTS (NOT FIND) MEDICINE TO CURE ALL TYPES OF CANCER.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION (BECOME) A CENTRAL THEME WHICH UNDERPINS MUCH OF MODERN BIOLOGY.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
SINCE THE 1960s, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (ADVANCE) ENORMOUSLY KNOWLEDGE OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
BACTERIAL VIRUSES (PLAY) A CRUCIAL ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
MILLIONS OF PEOPLE (BENEFIT) FROM VACCINATIONS.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES (CARRY) OUT ON THE LINK BETWEEN LIFESTYLE FACTORS AND HEART DISEASE.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
AFTER AN IMPULSE (TRANSMIT) ACROSS, THE CHEMICAL TRANSMITTER IS REMOVED FROM THE SYNAPSE.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
RECENTLY, THE MICROSCOPE (USE) TO VIEW DNA DIRECTLY.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
DARWIN’S BOOK “THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION” (CALL) THE MOST IMPORTANT BIOLOGY BOOK EVER WRITTEN.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
RECENTLY, THE NEW METHODS (INCLUDE) INTO INVESTIGATION.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
I (WORK) ON A MASTER’S DEGREE FOR A COUPLE OF YEARS.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
HE (SUFFER) FROM THIS DISEASE FOR A LONG PERIOD OF TIME.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
I’M READING ABOUT THE INTERNET. DID YOU KNOW IT (BEGIN) IN THE 1960s?
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
THE OPERATION, PERFORMED IN AN OXFORD HOSPITAL, (TAKE) ABOUT 6 HOURS. .
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IN 1979, THE WORLD (DECLARE) FREE OF SMALLPOX.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
THE AMOEBA (DISCOVER) BY AUGUST VON ROSENHOF IN 1757.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
A NEW SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE (INVENT) IN 1980.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
SCIENTISTS FROM LONDON'S NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM (ASTONISH) TO FIND SUCH DIVERSITY OF INSECT AND PLANT SPECIES.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
A LECTURE ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE MUSCLES (DELIVER) BY THE PROFESSOR YESTERDAY.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
THE STUDENTS (WORK) IN THE LABORATORY THE WHOLE MORNING YESTERDAY
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
WHAT YOU (DO) WHEN YOU BROKE YOUR ARM?
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
WHILE WE (EAT) JASON ASKED ME TO MARRY HIM!
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
HE (FIND) A GOOD JOB WHEN HE GRADUATES NEXT YEAR.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
THE OPERATION (PERFORM) TOMORROW MORNING.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
THE DOCTOR SAID THAT HE (NOT MAKE) A MISTAKE IN THE PATIENT’S DIAGNOSIS.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF THESE (BE) THE ONLY PROCESS OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE, THE ORGANIZATION OF LIVING THINGS WOULD GRADUALLY DISINTEGRATE.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF THESE WERE THE ONLY PROCESS OF EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE, THE ORGANIZATION OF LIVING THINGS GRADUALLY (DISINTEGRATE).
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF YOU (NOT EAT) VEGETABLES, YOU WON’T HAVE A BALANCED DIET.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF THE TELOMERES (REMOVE), THE CHROMOSOME DISINTEGRATES.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF YOU (NOT GET) ENOUGH CALCIUM, YOUR BONES AND TEETH BEGIN TO DETERIORATE SLOWLY.
_______
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
ALL ORGANISMS ARE COMPOSED ____ THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT CELL.
of
on
with
in
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
VIRUSES DEPEND ___ A HOST CELL TO REPRODUCE.
with
on
in
for
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
DNA IS THE GENETIC MATERIAL ______ ALL LIVING THINGS.
for
in
at
with
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
THE CORK CAMBIUM IS FORMED ____ NATURE PLANTS AND YIELDS BARK.
for
about
with
in
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
GLYCOLISIS IS THE METABOLIC PATHWAY THAT CONVERTS GLUCOSE ____ PYRUVIC ACID.
for
in
with
into
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
ZOOLOGY DEALS ____ ANIMAL STUDIES.
for
with
of
to
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
BIOLOGY IS SUBDIVIDED INTO SEPARATE BRANCHES _ _____ CONVENIENCE OF STUDY.
into
with
for
in
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM WAS STUDIED _ _ _ A WHOLE IN A FIELD KNOWN AS ORGANISMIC BIOLOGY.
as
for
in
on
Оберіть правильний прийменник :
THE CONCEPT OF HOMEOSTASIS WAS FIRST SUGGESTED _____ THE 19TH CENTURY BY FRENCH PHYSIOLOGIST CLAUDE BERNARD.
in
on
for
of
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
LIVING MATTER HAS ABILITY TO REPLICATE AND TRANSMIT GENETIC INFORMATION FROM PARENT ____ OFFSPRING.
in
for
out
to
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
NATURE SELECTS _____ SURVIVAL THOSE THAT ARE BEST ABLE TO COPE WITH CHANGING CONDITIONS IN THE ENVIRONMENT.
for
out
of
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
A DIVERSITY OF LIFE EXISTS ____ SPECIES AND WITHIN EVERY POPULATION.
near
across
during
between
Оберіть правильний прийменник :
A MUTATION DEPENDS _____ THE INTERACTION OF THE MUTANT OFFSPRING WITH ITS ENVIRONMENT.
upon
in
about
out
Оберіть правильний прийменник :
THE LIFE PROCESSES OF EVERY ORGANISM ARE CARRIED _____ BY SPECIFIC MATERIALS.
at
in
of
out
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
_____THE SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS, THERE ARE FERNS.
among
of
between
in
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
_____ HUNDREDS OF YEARS THERE WERE SPECULATION CONCERNING THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF BOTH PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
beyond
between
beside
for
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
THE PYRAMID OF LIFE IS A HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE _____ THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE.
for
of
with
at
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
_____ THE 6 TH CENTURY BC ABOUT 960 MEDICAL PLANTS WERE USED.
on
under
in
at
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
GREEK PHILOSOPHER THALES OF MILETUS POSTULATED THAT THE LIVING THINGS _____ THE WORLD ARE MADE OF WATER.
on
in
for
at
Оберіть правильний прийменник:
ALCMAEON MAY BE CONSIDERED THE FOUNDER _____ EMBRYOLOGY.
as
of
for
Оберіть правильний прийменник :
HIPPOCRATES WAS CONCERNED _____ THE PHILOSOPHICAL QUESTION OF HOW SPACE WAS CREATED.
up
with
of
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Оберіть правильний прийменник:
ARISTOTLE DIVIDED BLOODLESS ANIMALS _____ CEPHALOPODS, THE HIGHER CRUSTACEANS, THE INSECTS AND TESTACEANS.
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ARISTOTLE REALIZED THE IMPORTANCE _____ STRUCTURAL HOMOLOGY.
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THEOPHRASTUS DISTINGUISHED ____ MORPHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTIC USE OF PLANTS.
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THE ANCIENT SCIENTISTS HEROPHILUS DISSECTED HUMAN BODIES AND COMPARED THEM _____ THE OTHER LARGE MAMMALS.
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MUSLIM PHYSICIAN AVICENNA WAS AN OUTSTANDING SCIENTIST WHO LIVED _____ THE 10 TH AND 11 TH CENTURY.
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SPANISH THEOLOGIAN AND PHYSICIAN DISCOVERED THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD FROM THE RIGHT CHAMBER OF THE HEART _____ THE LUNGS.
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AN ANONYMOUS PERSON INVENTED SPECTACLES _____ THE IMPROVEMENT OF VISION PROBABLY IN THE 1200s.
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_____ ADDITION , MALPIGHI MADE DETAILED INVESTIGATIONS IN PLANT ANATOMY .
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SCIENTISTS ARE LOOKING ____ MEDICINES TO TREAT THE EBOLA VIRUS.
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CELLS RANGE ________ SIZE FROM 1 TO 100 MICROMETERS.
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THE NUCLEUS, WHICH HOUSES DNA, IS CONTAINED ______ A MEMBRANE.
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DNA IN A PROKARYOTIC CELL IS NOT SEPARATED ____ THE REST OF THE CELL.
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DNA IN A PROKARYOTIC CELL IS COILED ____ IN A REGION CALLED THE NUCLEOID.
Оберіть правильний прийменник :
_____AVERAGE, PROKARYOTIC CELLS ARE ABOUT 10 TIMES SMALLER IN DIAMETER THAN EUKARYOTIC CELLS.
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PROKARYOTIC CELLS CONTAIN A FEW ORGANELLES AND NONE THAT ARE BOUND _____ A MEMBRANE.
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MOST PROKARYOTIC CELLS REPRODUCE ____ A PROCESS CALLED BINARY FISSION.
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BIOGENESIS THEORY STATES THAT ALL LIVING CELLS ARISE ____ EXISTING CELLS.
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TISSUES ARE GROUPS OF CELLS _____ BOTH A SHARED STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION.
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THE CELL MEMBRANE REGULATES THE CROSSING OF CHEMICALS IN AND ____ OF THE CELL.
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Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
NERVOUS SYSTEMS RANGE FROM THE SIMPLE NERVE NETS OF JELLYFISH AND SEA ANEMONES, WHICH HAVE NO BRAIN AND RELATIVELY FEW INTERCONNECTIONS, TO THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF HUMANS, WITH BRAINS OF STAGGERING COMPLEXITY. THE HUMAN BRAIN CONTAINS MANY MILLIONS OF CELLS, _______. THEIR INTERCONNECTIONS FORM CIRCUITS, WHICH ENABLE US TO CONTROL OUR MUSCLES, THINK, REMEMBER, AND EVEN STUDY OUR OWN BRAINS.
ALL THE VARIOUS ANIMAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS ARE FAST-ACTING COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS _______, WHICH CONVEY INFORMATION IN THE FORM OF NERVE IMPULSES. NEURONES TAKE VARIOUS FORMS _______ THAT TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSES RAPIDLY FROM ONE PART OF THE BODY TO ANOTHER. FIBRES CARRYING IMPULSES AWAY FROM THE CELL BODY _______; THOSE CARRYING IMPULSES TOWARDS THE CELL BODY _______. APART FROM THE MAIN NERVE FIBRE, THERE MAY BE SMALL DENDRONS (DENDRITES) EXTENDING FROM THE CELL BODY.
1 are called axons
2 usually comes from the egg cell
3 each of which may communicate with thousands of other nerve cells
4 but each has a cell body, containing a nucleus, and nerve fibres, long extensions
5 its genetic make-up
6 containing nerve cells, neurones
7 are called dendrons
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
GENETIC DIFFERENCES REFLECT THE GENOTYPE OF AN ORGANISM, THAT IS, _______. A DIPLOID ORGANISM HAS _______ OF EACH PARTICULAR GENE. THESE ALLELES MAY BE THE SAME OR DIFFERENT. _______ MAY MASK THE OTHER ALLELE (THE RECESSIVE ALLELE). THE DOMINANT ALLELE IS THEREFORE EXPRESSED _______, WHEREAS THE RECESSIVE ALLELE IS EXPRESSED ONLY IN THE HOMOZYGOUS CONDITION. IF AN ORGANISM IS HAPLOID, ALL ITS ALLELES WILL BE EXPRESSED AND _______.
1 be inherited by offspring
2 if different, one of the alleles (the dominant allele)
3 will be reflected in its observable or measurable characters
4 its genetic make-up
5 in either the heterozygous or the homozygous condition
6 whereas the environmental factors
7 two sets of chromosomes and two forms (alleles)
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
THE MEASURABLE PHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ORGANISM, _______, MAKE UP ITS PHENOTYPE. THE PHENOTYPE RESULTS FROM THE INTERACTION _______. THE GENOTYPE DETERMINES THE POTENTIAL OF AN ORGANISM, _______ TO WHICH IT IS EXPOSED DETERMINE TO WHAT EXTENT THIS POTENTIAL IS FULFILLED. FOR EXAMPLE, IN HUMANS THE POTENTIAL HEIGHT OF A PERSON IS GENETICALLY DETERMINED, _______ WITHOUT AN ADEQUATE DIET. PHENOTYPIC VARIATION IS OF TWO MAIN TYPES: CONTINUOUS AND DISCONTINUOUS.
IN CONTINUOUS VARIATION, DIFFERENCES ARE SLIGHT AND GRADE INTO EACH OTHER. CHARACTERISTICS _______ SHOW CONTINUOUS VARIATION, AND ARE USUALLY DETERMINED BY A LARGE NUMBER OF GENES (THEY ARE POLYGENIC) AND/OR CONSIDERABLE ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE.
1 such as human height and weight
2 of the genotype and the environment
3 but a person cannot reach this height
4 therefore similar to directional selection
5 whereas the environmental factors
6 be inherited by offspring
7 whether observable or not
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
GENETIC VARIATION ARISES PARTLY FROM SEXUAL REPRODUCTION BY A COMBINATION _______, AND RANDOM FERTILISATION. HOWEVER, _______ SO THAT NEW COMBINATIONS ARE MADE. THE ULTIMATE SOURCE OF INHERITED VARIATIONS IS MUTATIONS.
A MUTATION IS A CHANGE IN THE AMOUNT OR THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF DNA. IF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED WITHIN THE MUTATED DNA IS EXPRESSED THAT IS, _______ IT CAN CAUSE A CHANGE IN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF AN INDIVIDUAL CELL OR AN ORGANISM. MUTATIONS IN THE GAMETES OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS CAN _______. MUTATIONS OF THE BODY CELLS OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS ARE CONFINED TO THE BODY CELLS _______; THEY ARE NOT INHERITED.
1 derived from the mutated cell
2 these processes merely shuffle the existing pack of genes
3 of independent assortment, crossing over
4 transcribed into mRNA and translated into a specific polypeptide chain
5 but a person cannot reach this height
6 be inherited by offspring
7 are not subject to test and verification
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
TELOMERES ARE LOCATED AT THE ENDS OF CHROMOSOMES. THEY CONSIST OF DNA AND PROTEIN. THE TELOMERES APPEAR _______ IN MAINTAINING THE STABILITY OF THE CHROMOSOMES, 'SEALING' THE ENDS OF LINEAR DNA. THEY HAVE BEEN LIKENED TO THE TIPS OF SHOELACES, _______: TO STOP THE DNA FRAYING. THEY ALSO SEEM TO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN REGULATING CELL DIVISION. _______, TELOMERES BECOME SHORTER AND SHORTER WITH EACH CELL DIVISION. WHEN THE TELOMERES HAVE SHORTENED TO A CERTAIN CRITICAL LENGTH, _______.
IF THE TELOMERES ARE REMOVED, THE CHROMOSOME DISINTEGRATES. _______ THE AGEING PROCESS MAY BE LINKED TO TELOMERE DAMAGE.
1 to play a vital role
2 the cell stops dividing
3 but a person cannot reach this height
4 it is thought that
5 and have a similar function
6 as the ability of an organism
7 under normal circumstances
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
EVER SINCE FARMING BEGAN IN THE MIDDLE EAST _______, HUMANS HAVE BEEN BREEDING ANIMALS AND PLANTS SELECTIVELY TO PRODUCE SPECIFIC DESIRABLE QUALITIES. WHEAT WAS PROBABLY AMONG THE FIRST CROP TO BE CULTIVATED. BY SELECTIVE BREEDING OVER THOUSANDS OF GENERATIONS, _______ INTO THE MODERN TYPES WHICH PRODUCE MUCH HIGHER YIELDS. IN SELECTIVE BREEDING, PARTICULAR INDIVIDUALS ARE CHOSEN AND ALLOWED TO BREED, WHEREAS OTHERS ARE PREVENTED FROM BREEDING. THIS MEANS THAT ALLELES _______ ARE RETAINED, WHILE THOSE THAT GIVE UNDESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS ARE ELIMINATED. ARTIFICIAL SELECTION IS _______, IN THAT SELECTION PRESSURE BRINGS ABOUT A GRADUAL CHANGE IN THE GENOTYPE OF A GROUP OF ORGANISMS. HOWEVER, IN ARTIFICIAL SELECTION IT IS HUMANS, NOT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS, _______, GRADUALLY BRINGING ABOUT CHANGES IN ALLELE FREQUENCIES.
1 that act as the selection pressure
2 about 10 000 years ago
3 that give characteristics favoured by humans
4 as the ability of an organism
5 wild wheat has been converted
6 therefore similar to directional selection
7 are not subject to test and verification
IN EVOLUTION, FITNESS IS DEFINED _______ TO PASS ON ITS ALLELES TO SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS, COMPARED WITH OTHER INDIVIDUALS OF THE SAME SPECIES. THE “FITTEST” INDIVIDUAL IN A POPULATION IS THE _______ THAT SURVIVE TO REPRODUCE THEMSELVES. NATURAL SELECTION BY “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST” MEANS _______ FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT. AS WE SHALL SEE IN THE FOLLOWING SPREADS, _______ BY INCREASING THE FREQUENCY OF ALLELES THAT GIVE AN ADVANTAGE, AND REDUCING THE FREQUENCY OF ALLELES THAT GIVE A DISADVANTAGE. A GENE POOL IS _______ PRESENT IN AN INTERBREEDING POPULATION.
1 natural selection affects a gene pool
2 were at one time obtained
3 that the genetic characteristics of a population gradually change
4 that DNA was capable of self replication
5 as the ability of an organism
6 all the genes and their different alleles
7 one that produces the largest number of offspring
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
MANY PEOPLE FOUND IT DIFFICULT TO ACCEPT DARWIN’S IDEAS, ESPECIALLY THE IDEA _______. HOWEVER, HIS THEORY IS SUPPORTED BY SO MUCH EVIDENCE _______. EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION HAS BECOME A CENTRAL THEME WHICH UNDERPINS MUCH OF MODERN BIOLOGY. THE MODERN THEORY OF EVOLUTION IS CALLED NEO-DARWINISM _______, PARTICULARLY FROM GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. FOR EXAMPLE, WE KNOW _______, PARTICULARLY FROM MUTATIONS IN REPRODUCTIVE CELLS. DESPITE MODIFICATIONS TO DARWIN’S THEORY IN NEO-DARWINISM, _______, OR THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY THE NATURAL SELECTION OF INHERITED CHARACTERISTICS.
1 because it incorporates new scientific evidence
2 that modern humans and apes are probably descended from a common ancestor
3 that DNA was capable of self replication
4 that the variations that are so important in natural selection come about by random and spontaneous changes in genes
5 that the majority of biologists accept it
6 all the genes and their different alleles
7 natural selection is still the driving force behind evolution
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
ONE OF THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS IN BIOLOGY IS: _______? ACCORDING TO MOST BIOLOGISTS, THE MILLIONS OF SPECIES LIVING ON EARTH TODAY (INCLUDING HUMANS) ARE DESCENDED FROM OTHER SPECIES _______. THIS CHANGE HAS COME ABOUT BY A PROCESS CALLED EVOLUTION. EVOLUTION HAPPENS WHEN THE GENETIC COMPOSITION (ALLELE FREQUENCY) OF A POPULATION CHANGES _______. WHEN THE CHANGES ARE SUFFICIENTLY GREAT, _______. A SPECIES IS A GROUP OF CLOSELY RELATED ORGANISMS _______ TO PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING.
1 over successive generations
2 were at one time obtained
3 where do all living things come from
4 a new species may be formed
5 are not subject to test and verification
6 that inhabited the world in the past
7 potentially capable of interbreeding
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING IS A SCOTTISH BACTERIOLOGIST. HE IS BEST KNOWN _______. FLEMING _______ AND ORIGINAL OBSERVATION. HIS WORK ON WOUND INFECTION AND LYSOZYME, AN ANTIBACTERIAL ENZYME _______ MADE HIM FAMOUS IN THE BACTERIOLOGY. DISCOVERY [OF FIELD PENICILLIN IN 1928] WAS THE ANTIBIOTIC REVOLUTION. HE _______ IN 1945. PENICILLIN WAS USED DURING WORLD WAR II. BY 1944 _______ WERE AVAILABLE TO MEET THE NEEDS OF WARTIME.
1 found in tears and saliva
2 adequate amounts of antibiotic
3 these infections are transmitted
4 received the Noble Prize
5 had a genius for technical ingenuity
6 were building components and were transmitted
7 for his discovery of penicillin
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
A DOUBLE HELIX MODEL FOR DNA STRUCTURE WAS DISCOVERED IN 1953. THIS MODEL SHOWED _______. ITS STRANDS ARE INVOLVED FOR SYNTHESIS OF NEW DNA MOLECULES. EACH OF THE INTERTWINED STRANDS OF DNA IS A CHAIN OF CHEMICAL GROUPS _______. PROTEINS ARE STRINGS OF AMINO ACIDS. IT WAS PROPOSED THAT A SPECIFIC NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF DNA _______. MOLECULAR BIOLOGIST SEYMOUR BENZER INDICATED THAT THE GENE IS A LINEAR STRUCTURE. THE BIOLOGIST SYDNEY BRENNER SHOWED THAT THE GENETIC CODE MUST BE READ _______, CALLED CODONS. AMERICAN BIOCHEMISTS _______ TRIPLET CODING UNITS AND AMINO ACIDS.
1 in triplets of nucleotides
2 that DNA was capable of self-replication
3 antibiotic were available
4 called nucleotides
5 could contain a code for an amino acid sequence
6 deduced the complete genetic code of all 64 possible
7 these infections are transmitted
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
FILOVIRIDAE ARE ENVELOPED VIRIONS. THEY ARE FILAMENTS 650-1.400 NM IN LENGTH AND PLEOMORPHIC IN SHAPE. VIRIONS _______ WITH SINGLE-STRANDED NEGATIVE-SENSE RNA. THE FAMILY FILOVIRIDAE CONTAINS _______, WHICH IS THE TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN. THE FAMILY FILOVIRIDAE _______ ‒ FILOVIRUS AND EBOLAVIRUS. THE FIRST CONTAINS THE MARBURG VIRUSES. THE SECOND CONTAINS EBOLA VIRUSES. THESE VIRUSES HAVE BEEN ISOLATED _______. BOTH ARE THE MOST DANGEROUS PATHOGENS. SOME STRAINS CAUSE HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS IN HUMANS. THE MORTALITY RATE FROM THESE DISEASES IS AS HIGH AS 90 PERCENT. HUMAN INFECTIONS WITH MARBURG VIRUS HAVE BEEN TRACED TO LABORATORY MONKEYS. FATAL EBOLA VIRUS INFECTION HASN’T BEEN TRACED TO MONKEYS. IT IS SUSPECTED THAT _______ FROM FRUIT-EATING TREES.
1 consists of two genera
2 from African monkeys
3 known as pangenesis
4 a single glycoprotein
5 these infections are transmitted
6 have been characterized
7 contain nucleocapsid
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
THE ALLERGIC REACTION _______ TO USUALLY HARMLESS FOREIGN SUBSTANCES. MAST CELLS RELEASE _______. ANTIBODIES BIND TO THE ANTIGENS TO REMOVE THEM. IN THE PROCESS, THE MAST CELLS ARE STIMULATED TO RELEASE THE HISTAMINES. THIS CAUSES THE VISIBLE SYMPTOMS OF A LOCALIZED ALLERGIC REACTION. HISTAMINE CONTRIBUTES TO ALLERGIC CONDITIONS _______. ANAPHYLAXIS IS A SEVERE, IMMEDIATE AND FATAL RESPONSE TO EXPOSURE ANTIGEN. HISTAMINE WORKS _______ ON THE SURFACE OF CELLS. THE ACTIVITY OF HISTAMINE CAN BE BLOCKED _______ CALLED ANTIHISTAMINES. THEY ARE USED TO TREAT ALLERGIES BLOCK H1 RECEPTORS. ANTAGONISTS ARE TO HELP HEAL PEPTIC ULCERS.
1 such as anaphylaxis
2 are made synthetically
3 is the immune system’s hypersensitivity reaction
4 by binding to histamine receptors
5 histamine in inordinate amounts
6 by various chemical drugs
7 were at one time obtained
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
IN HUMANS, HISTAMINE IS FOUND IN NEARLY ALL TISSUES OF THE BODY. IT IS _______ SUCH AS MAST CELLS. THE BLOOD CELLS OR BASOPHILES ALSO HARBOR HISTAMINE-CONTAINING GRANULES. IT IS RELEASED FROM ITS GRANULES _______ WITHIN THE BODY. HISTAMINE EFFECTS THE CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE LUNGS, UTERUS AND STOMACH. HISTAMINE _______ IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE.
THE EFFECT OF HISTAMINE IS OBSERVED IN INFLAMMATION ‒ THE LOCAL REACTION OF TISSUES TO INJURY CAUSED BY DAMAGE, INFECTION OR ALLERGIC REACTION. HISTAMINE ALLOWS FLUID AND CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, _______. IT _______ AND BEGINS TO FIGHT THE INFECTION.
1 has a crucial effect
2 migrates to the site of tissue injury or infection
3 stored in the granules of tissue
4 such as leukocytes leak from the bloodstream
5 are not subject to test and verification
6 has good answers to these questions
7 and produces many varied effects
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
THE TOTAL NUMBER _______ IS ESTIMATED AT BETWEEN 5 MILLION AND 10 MILLION. ABOUT 1.5 MILLION OF THOSE SPECIES HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED BY SCIENTISTS. THE USE OF CLASSIFICATION _______ AS THE BOOK OF GENESIS. THE FIRST SCIENTIFIC _______ WITH THE GREEK PHILOSOPHER ARISTOTLE. HE ARRANGED EVERYTHING ALONG A SCALE OR “LADDER OF NATURE”. NONLIVING THINGS WERE AT THE BOTTOM; PLANTS WERE PLACED BELOW ANIMALS AND HUMANKIND WAS AT THE TOP. THERE WERE OTHER SCHEMES FOR GROUPING SPECIES. THEY INCLUDE _______, SUCH AS WINGS OR FINS. THEY INDICATE _______ IN REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES.
1 large anatomical similarities
2 of extant animal and plant species
3 attempt of classification is connected
4 known as pangenesis
5 of different types of organisms appeared
6 a natural relationship and similarities
7 have been described by scientists
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
SKIN IS OUR BODY’S FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE AGAINST BACTERIA, VIRUSES, INJURIES. IT CONTROLS _______ TO THE ENVIRONMENT, ALLOWING US TO SWEAT. EVEN GOOSE BUMPS ARE PART OF OUR SKIN’S REGULATION SYSTEM. THE TIGHTENING OF THE SKIN _______. IT IS TRAPPING WARM AIR CLOSE TO OUR SKIN. THE SKIN _______. IT IS A LIVING TISSUE, _______. NUMBER OF _______ SECRETE OILS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES. THEY KEEP OUR SKIN FROM DRYING AND CRACKING. SKIN IS THE LARGEST ORGAN IN THE BODY.
1 is a complex material
2 how much heat and water our body loses
3 known as pangenesis
4 that reflect local contexts and policies
5 raises our fine hairs upright
6 which is maintained by the nourishing circulatory system underneath
7 glands on the outside of our skin
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
RADIANT ENERGY CAN CAUSE THE IONIZATION. THIS IS A PROCESS WHEN POSITIVELY AND NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES _______. DNA IS HIGHLY SUSCEPTIBLE TO IONIZING RADIATION. CELLS MAY DIE BECAUSE OF DAMAGE TO ENZYMES OR _______. SOME CELLS, _______, ARE PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO RADIATION. THEY ARE THE CELLS OF THE BONE MARROW, SPLEEN, LYMPH NODES, SEX GLANDS, AND LINING OF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES. IN CONTRAST, PERMANENTLY NON-DIVIDING CELLS _______ ARE RESISTANT TO RADIATION. THERE IS EFFECT OF RADIATION IN CAUSING CERTAIN LEUKEMIA, AND SOME GENETIC DISORDERS. RADIATION TREATMENT IS USED IN THERAPY _______ SUCH AS CANCER.
1 to cure different diseases
2 such as those that divide actively
3 that reflect local contexts and policies
4 points out that conceptual and procedural schemes unify
5 such as nerve and muscle cells
6 damage the chemical composition of the cells
7 because cells are unable to divide
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
DOWN'S SYNDROME IS THE MOST COMMON SINGLE CAUSE OF LEARNING DISABILITY IN CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE. CHILDREN WITH THE SYNDROME TYPICALLY HAVE _______. IN ADDITION TO SOME LEARNING DISABILITY, _______, AND HEART DEFECTS OCCUR IN ABOUT ONE-QUARTER OF THOSE WITH THE SYNDROME.
THE SYNDROME IS NAMED AFTER JOHN LANGDON DOWN, _______ WHO FIRST DESCRIBED THE CONDITION IN 1866. IN 1959, THE FRENCH PHYSICIAN LEJEUNE USED CHROMOSOME-STAINING TECHNIQUES TO SHOW THAT DOWN'S SYNDROME IS CAUSED BY AN EXTRA CHROMOSOME 21. THE EXTRA CHROMOSOME _______ DUE TO NON-DISJUNCTION OF CHROMOSOME 21.
IN ABOUT 3% OF CASES, DOWN'S SYNDROME RESULTS FROM TRANSLOCATION OF AN EXTRA CHROMOSOME 21. A REGION OF THE CHROMOSOME BREAKS OFF AND RE-JOINS WITH EITHER _______ OR WITH ANOTHER NON-HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME. IN THESE CASES, A PERSON MAY HAVE THE NORMAL NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES, BUT ONE OF THE CHROMOSOMES WILL BE ABNORMALLY LONG.
1 a round, flat face, and eyelids that appear to slant upwards
2 such as human height and weight
3 a nineteenth century doctor
4 the end of the other chromosome 21
5 usually comes from the egg cell
6 whereas the environmental factors
7 they also have an increased risk of infection
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
HIPPOCRATES IS KNOWN AS THE FATHER OF MEDICINE. HE BELIEVED IN THE INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS. HE DEVISED THE HYPOTHESIS _______. HE POSTULATED THAT ALL ORGANS OF THE BODY OF A PARENT GAVE OFF INVISIBLE “SEEDS”. THEY WERE BUILDING COMPONENTS _______ DURING SEXUAL INTERCOURSE.
ARISTOTLE EMPHASIZED THE IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD IN HEREDITY. HE THOUGHT THAT THE BLOOD SUPPLIED GENERATIVE MATERIAL _______. ARISTOTLE’S IDEAS ABOUT THE ROLE OF BLOOD IN PROCREATION _______ THAT SOMEHOW THE BLOOD IS INVOLVED IN HEREDITY. TODAY PEOPLE STILL SPEAK _______ AND OF “BLOOD LINES” AND “BLOOD TIES.”
1 and were transmitted
2 of certain traits as being “in the blood”
3 known as pangenesis
4 for the inclusion of evolution
5 were probably the origin of the still prevalent notion
6 procedural schemes unify science disciplines
7 for building all parts of the adult body
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
IT WAS DARWIN'S GENIUS BOTH TO SHOW HOW ALL THIS EVIDENCE FAVORED THE EVOLUTION OF SPECIES FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR _______ BY WHICH LIFE MIGHT EVOLVE. LAMARCK AND OTHERS HAD PROMOTED EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES, BUT IN ORDER _______, THEY DEPENDED ON SPECULATION. TYPICALLY, THEY CLAIMED THAT EVOLUTION WAS GUIDED _______. LAMARCK, FOR EXAMPLE, THOUGHT THAT LIFE STROVE OVER TIME TO RISE _______ TO COMPLEX ONES. MANY GERMAN BIOLOGISTS CONCEIVED OF LIFE EVOLVING ACCORDING TO PREDETERMINED RULES, IN THE SAME WAY AN EMBRYO DEVELOPS IN THE WOMB. BUT IN THE MID-1800S, DARWIN AND THE BRITISH BIOLOGIST ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE _______, EVEN OBSERVABLE, WAY FOR LIFE TO CHANGE: A PROCESS DARWIN CALLED NATURAL SELECTION.
1 and to offer a plausible mechanism
2 the bright example of formation of new species
3 to explain just how life changed
4 independently conceived of a natural
5 by some long-term trend
6 procedural schemes unify science disciplines
7 from simple single-celled forms
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
THE MUTATIONS THAT LEAD TO CHANGES IN AN ORGANISM ARE VERY RARELY FOR THE BETTER. IN FACT, MOST MUTATIONS HAVE EITHER NO IMPACT, _______, ON THE WAY AN ORGANISM FUNCTIONS. WHEN BACTERIA ARE CONFINED TO ISOLATED ENVIRONMENTS, _______ THAT GET PASSED ON DIRECTLY TO EVERY GENERATION. OVER TIME, THIS GRADUALLY HAMPERS THE SPECIES. "IT REALLY SHOWS THE PROCESS OF EVOLUTION," SAYS MORAN. "IT'S NOT ALL JUST ADAPTATION AND THINGS GETTING BETTER, THERE'S ALSO THIS BIG POTENTIAL _______ WHAT'S MORE, ORGANISMS SOMETIMES LOSE ABILITIES. FOR INSTANCE, ANIMALS THAT LIVE IN DARK CAVES _______ THIS MAY SEEM ODD. WE TEND TO THINK OF EVOLUTION _______, OF SPECIES IMPROVING AND BECOMING LESS PRIMITIVE. BUT THIS IS NOT NECESSARILY WHAT HAPPENS.
1 often lose their eyes.
2 the bright example of formation of new species
3 or a negative impact
4 the genes from different species
5 as a process of biological betterment
6 they sometimes pick up unwelcome genetic mutations
7 for things to get worse."
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
ALL LIVING THINGS CARRY GENES IN THE FORM OF DNA.
GENES CONTROL HOW AN ORGANISM GROWS AND DEVELOPS, AND THEY ARE PASSED _______. WHEN A MOTHER CHICKEN LAYS LOTS OF EGGS, AND PASSES _______, SHE DOES SO THROUGH HER GENES. OVER THE LAST CENTURY, SCIENTISTS HAVE CATALOGUED _______. IT TURNS OUT THAT ALL LIVING THINGS _______ IN THE SAME WAY: THEY ALL USE THE SAME "GENETIC CODE".
WHAT'S MORE, ORGANISMS ALSO SHARE MANY GENES. THOUSANDS OF GENES FOUND IN HUMAN DNA _______, INCLUDING PLANTS AND EVEN BACTERIA. THESE TWO FACTS IMPLY THAT ALL MODERN LIFE HAS DESCENDED FROM A SINGLE COMMON ANCESTOR, THE "LAST UNIVERSAL ANCESTOR", WHICH LIVED BILLIONS OF YEARS AGO.
1 the genes from different species
2 on from parent to offspring
3 that is in every organism’s DNA
4 may also be found in the DNA of other creatures
5 that trait onto her offspring
6 of selecting for resistant populations
7 store information in their DNA
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
THE MYSTERY FOR BIOLOGISTS WAS THE QUESTION _______. THE MOST IMPORTANT SOURCE OF NEW SPECIES IS _______. THIS IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH BARRIERS TO GENE FLOW CAN BE CREATED. THE INTERPOSITION OF A MAJOR MOUNTAIN BARRIER OR THE ORIGIN OF AN INTERMEDIATE DESERT MIGHT CREATE THE NEEDED ISOLATION. _______ IS SET OF OCEANIC ISLANDS, DISTANT FROM THE MAINLAND. THE INTERCHANGE BETWEEN THEIR _______. THESE ARE IDEAL CIRCUMSTANCES ALLOWING POPULATIONS OF THE SAME SPECIES TO DIVERGE FROM ONE ANOTHER _______.
1 under the influence of natural selection
2 changes course so as to isolate a tributary
3 of how new species are formed
4 the geographical distribution of animals
5 the process of geographical isolation
6 the bright example of formation of new species
7 populations is rare
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
DARWIN DID NOT KNOW THAT A CONTEMPORARY, GREGORY MENDEL, HAD PROVIDED AN IMPORTANT PART OF THE SOLUTION. IN HIS WORK _______, MENDEL DEMONSTRATED THAT ORGANISMS ACQUIRE TRAITS THROUGH DISCRETE UNITS OF HEREDITY. LATER THESE UNITS _______. MENDEL'S PAPER _______. IN 1890 HIS WORK REDISCOVERED AND CONTRIBUTED TO A GROWING WAVE OF INTEREST AND RESEARCH IN GENETICS. IN 1930S A GROUP OF BIOLOGISTS _______. THEY SHOWED THAT ALL VARIATIONS AROSE _______ IN GENES. EVOLUTION DEPENDS BOTH ON GENETIC MUTATIONS AND ON NATURAL SELECTION.
1 were called genes
2 single celled organism
3 extended evolutionary theory
4 describing crossbreeding of varieties of peas
5 was all forgotten
6 through changes or mutations
7 could both buttress
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
DARWIN AND WALLACE REALIZED _______; THE SIZE OF THE OVERALL POPULATION USUALLY REMAINS ABOUT THE SAME. THUS, AN OAK TREE _______, BUT ONLY FEW OF THEM WILL SURVIVE TO BECOME FULL-GROWN TREES. DARWIN PRESENTED _______ IN HIS 1859 BOOK “ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES”. HE PROPOSED _______ BETWEEN OFFSPRING THAT SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE AND THOSE THAT DO NOT. A PROCESS WHEN NATURE WOULD SELECT THE INDIVIDUALS BEST SUITED TO PARTICULAR ENVIRONMENTS _______. BUT DARWIN HAD FOUND THE ANSWER ABOUT WHAT IS THE ULTIMATE SOURCE OF VARIATION.
1 was called natural selection
2 that most species produce an abundance of offspring
3 the case for evolution in detail
4 did not publish them until Wallace came to similar conclusions
5 might produce thousands of acorns each year
6 that there will be differences
7 had originated in accordance
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
DURING THE EARLY 1800S, MANY NATURALISTS _______. BUT ALTHOUGH IDEAS ABOUT EVOLUTION WERE PROPOSED, THEY NEVER GAINED WIDE ACCEPTANCE. NO ONE WAS ABLE TO PROPOSE A PLAUSIBLE MECHANISM FOR HOW _______ FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER. IN 1858, TWO ENGLISH NATURALISTS ‒ CHARLES DARWIN AND ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE SIMULTANEOUSLY ISSUED PAPERS PROPOSING SUCH A MECHANISM. THEY OBSERVED THAT THE INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS OF _______. THEY CAN DIFFER IN MANY WAYS. BOTH MEN OBSERVED THAT _______ AND CAN BE PASSED ON TO OFFSPRING. _______ OF PLANT AND ANIMAL BREEDERS.
1 this conclusion was evident from the experiences
2 the form of an organism might change
3 reproduce in their particular environment
4 speculated about changes in organisms
5 many of these differences are inherited
6 as well as for the species found as fossils
7 a particular species are not identical
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
THE ANCIENT GREEKS _______ THE ORIGINS OF LIFE AND CHANGES IN SPECIES OVER TIME. MORE THAN 2,500 YEARS AGO, THE GREEK PHILOSOPHER ANAXIMANDER _______ HAD CREATED THE WORLD'S ORGANIC COHERENCE FROM A FORMLESS CONDITION. HE HAD _______ AQUATIC SPECIES INTO TERRESTRIAL ONES. FOLLOWING THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY, WESTERNERS GENERALLY ACCEPTED THE EXPLANATION PROVIDED IN GENESIS. THIS IS THE FIRST BOOK OF THE JUDEO-CHRISTIAN-MUSLIM BIBLE. IT SAYS THAT _______ IN ITS PRESENT FORM OVER THE COURSE OF SIX DAYS. HOWEVER, OTHER EXPLANATIONS EXISTED EVEN THEN. SAINT THOMAS AQUINAS STATED THAT THE EARTH HAD RECEIVED THE POWER TO PRODUCE ORGANISMS. HE CRITICIZED THE IDEA THAT SPECIES _______ WITH THE TIMETABLES IN GENESIS.
1 God created everything
2 were speculating about
3 mostly caused by emissions
4 had originated in accordance
5 a modern view of the transformation of
6 the species evolved into a new species
7 thought that a gradual evolution
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
THE WORLD AROUND US CHANGES. THIS SIMPLE FACT IS OBVIOUS EVERYWHERE WE LOOK. STREAMS WASH DIRT AND STONES FROM HIGHER PLACES TO LOWER PLACES. _______ FILL WITH WEEDS. OTHER CHANGES ARE MORE GRADUAL BUT MUCH MORE DRAMATIC WHEN VIEWED OVER LONG TIME SCALES. _______ REVEAL NEW STARS COALESCING FROM GALACTIC DUST. THE EARTH ITSELF FORMED SHORTLY. _______ SHOW THAT LIFE HAD EMERGED ON EARTH BY ABOUT 3.8 BILLION YEARS AGO. _______ REVEALS PROFOUND CHANGES IN THE KINDS OF LIVING THINGS. TRILOBITES THAT POPULATED THE SEAS _______ NO LONGER CRAWL ABOUT. NOW WE LIVE IN A WORLD THAT WAS ONCE DOMINATED BY REPTILIAN GIANTS SUCH AS TYRANNOSAURUS REX.
1 powerful telescopes
2 hundreds of millions of years ago
3 untended gardens
4 the fossil record
5 primitive microorganisms
6 fossils of primitive microorganisms
7 formed shortly
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті :
TODAY, THE MOST ACCEPTED THEORY OF _______. THERE ARE MANY EVIDENT FACTS, WHICH PROVE THIS THEORY. EVOLUTION CAN BE DESCRIBED _______. DINOSAUR FOSSILS ARE SIGNIFICANT EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION AND OF PAST LIFE ON EARTH. EVOLUTION IS SCIENTIFIC THEORY THAT _______. A SCIENTIFIC THEORY IS _______. _______ HOW EVENTS SEEN IN THE NATURAL WORLD WORK. THE DEFINITION OF SCIENTIFIC THEORY DIFFERS FROM THE COMMON MEANING OF THEORY.
1 was proposed by Charles Darwin
2 based on observations and experimentations
3 biological processes
4 computer modeling
5 life on Earth is evolution
6 this theory explains
7 as a change in species over time
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті
EVOLUTION IS _______ OF BIOLOGICAL POPULATIONS OVER SUCCESSIVE GENERATIONS. _______ GIVE RISE TO DIVERSITY AT EVERY BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION LEVEL. CHARLES DARWIN FORMULATED THE SCIENTIFIC _______. EVOLUTION IS BASED ON ANTHROPOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY, ASTROPHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, GEOLOGY, PHYSICS, MATHEMATICS AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINES. TODAY LIFE DIVERSITY ON EARTH IS _______. LIFE ON EARTH BEGAN AT LEAST 4 BILLION YEARS AGO. IN THE BEGINNING, ALL LIVING THINGS ON EARTH WERE _______. AFTER SEVERAL YEARS MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM INCREASED DAY BY DAY.
1 theory of evolution through natural selection
2 single celled organism
3 the result of evolution
4 evolutionary processes
5 age-old enemies
6 the change in heritable traits
7 yellow fever in man