Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
To complete an action or activity, especially a complicated one
To be made of particular parts or things
To mix two or more substances together in order to make a new substance or product
To include something or to have it as a part
To separate into the smaller parts
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
Glassware used to dispense specific amounts of liquid when precision is necessary
The process of removing solid parts that are not wanted from a liquid or gas by passing it through a filter
The process of separating things into smaller groups or parts
Th е ability о f at о ms or vari о us substan се s to los е о r gain е l ес trons
Connected with experiments or new ideas
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
Glassware made of plastic, glass or quarts used in spectroscopic experiments
A building or large room where people do scientific and medical experiments or research
An important basic part of something complicated
A process in which a chemical change happens
The study of the details of chemical reactions
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
A statement or explanation of something that must be done, often given by someone in authority
A tube in people, animals or plants through which liquid flows
Relating to science or based on its methods
Connected with experiments or new ideas
An individual unit inside a structure consisting of many similar units
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
Relating to people who lived thousands of years ago, and to their way of life
Modern, or relating to the present time
To become different or to make someone or something different
To find out the facts about something
To put things in a neat attractive or useful order
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
Relating to the chemical substances and processes in living things
The natural world, including the land, water, air, plants, and animals, especially considered as something that is affected by human activity
Study of radiation and matter, such as X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy
Helpful for doing or achieving something
A way of doing something, especially the correct or usual way.
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
Completely necessary or used about the substances that your body needs in order to stay healthy
A substance that is harmful to the environment
The set of general principles that a particular subject is based on
The process of separating things into smaller groups or parts
A substance used in chemistry or produced by a process involving chemistry
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
To make air, water, or land too dirty and dangerous for people to use in a safe way
To separate into the smaller parts
To separate things into smaller groups or parts
To put things in a neat, attractive or useful order
A substance that consists of only one type of atom
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
The process of damaging the air, water, or land with chemicals or other substances
A form of energy produced during a nuclear reaction that is used for making electrical power but can also kill or harm humans who receive too much of it
A substance such as air that is neither a solid nor a liquid
The useless materials substances or parts that are left after you use something
The study of substances produced by living organisms
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
To stop something from happening.
To add chemicals or other substances to food, for example to keep it fresh for a long time.
To separate things into smaller groups or parts
To put things in a neat, attractive or useful order
To make air, water, or land too dirty and dangerous for people to use in a safe way
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
A chemical element that is found n all living things and can also exist as diamonds or coal
A liquid with another substance dissolved in it so that it has become part of the liquid
A chemical substance with a ph value of less than 7
A chemical substance that consists of two or more elements that together form a molecule
A mixture with another substance added to it so that it has become part of the mixture
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
The process of trying to find out all the details or facts about something in order to discover who or what caused it or how it happened
Very small drops of water or other liquids in the air that make the air feel wet
A way of doing something especially the correct or usual way
A hard usually shiny element that exists naturally in the ground or in rock
The process by which atoms join together
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
A substance consisting of different substances that combine without a chemical reaction
A solid that is packed with ions molecules or atoms in an orderly fashion
A substance that causes a reaction to happen more quickly but is not affected itself
A substance used in chemistry or produced by a process involving chemistry
A chemical substance that consists of two or more elements that together form a molecule
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
An exothermic reaction between an oxidant and fuel with heat and light
A scientific test to find out what happens to someone or something in particular conditions
The study of chemical processes that occur in living things
A list of chemical elements arranged according to the structure of their atoms
The scientific study of the structure of substances and the way they react with other substances
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
A particular type of liquid, solid or gas
A chemical substance that consists of two or more elements that together form a molecule
A substance consisting of different substances that combine without a chemical reaction
The set of general principles that a particular subject is based on
The study of chemical processes that occur in living things
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
A liquid with another substance dissolved in it so that it has become part of the liquid
The addition of a chemical substance to food or wood in order to prevent it from decaying.
A molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons
A particular type of liquid solid or gas
A chemical substance that consists of two or more elements that together form a molecule
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
A change that happens when chemicals combine and form different substances
An exact description of the chemical elements that make up a particular substance or compound, written with chemical symbols
A form of power such as electricity heat or light that is used for making things work
An exothermic reaction between an oxidant and fuel with heat and light
A scientific test to find out what happens to someone or something in particular conditions
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
A gas that has no colour or smell and is lighter than air
A substance in food such as meat, eggs and milk that people need in order to grow and be healthy
A substance such as air that is neither a solid nor a liquid
A chemically bonded number of atoms that are electrically neutral
A chemical element that is found in all living things and can also exist as diamonds or coal
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
A chemical substance that contains only hydrogen and carbon for example methane
The metals of Group 1 on the periodic table
Something that combines several things a striking colour combination
A change that happens when chemicals combine and form different substances
Certain rules that pertain to the laws of nature and chemistry
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
A type of science that people used to try to change ordinary metals into gold especially in the Middle Ages
An important basic part of something complicated for example a system or plan
The process by which atoms join together
A chemical substance that contains only hydrogen and carbon for example methane
The center of an atom made up of neutrons and protons with a net positive charge
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
An extremely flammable gas that has no colour or smell and is lighter than air
The green poison gas with a strong smell often used for killing bacteria in water
A gas in the air that has no smell or taste and that supports combustion
A particular type of liquid solid or gas
A substance that consists of only one type of atom
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
The amount of force that a gas or liquid produces in an area or contatainer
A substance that can kill you or make you ill if you eat drink or breathe it
An amount of something
A chemical substance that consists of two or more elements that together form a molecule
A substance used in chemistry or produced by a process involving chemistry
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
A substance such as air that is neither a solid nor a liquid
A series of actions that are done in order to achieve a particular result
The useless materials substances or parts that are left after you use something
Hard usually shiny element that exists naturally in the ground or in rock
A particular type of liquid solid or gas
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
A chemical compound used in making fertilizers and for keeping meat fresh
A soft white metal that is used combined with substances for making soap and fertilizer
A very soft silver white metal that is lighter than all other metals
A chemical element that is a silver white metal usually found combined with other chemicals
The type of salt that is used in cooking
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
A method of describing the process involved in a chemical reaction using chemical symbols to show the reactants and products
A statement explaining what someone can or cannot do in a particular system, game or situation
An essential tool for the study of chemistry
Something that combines several things
An important basic part of something complicated for example a system or plan
Choose the best definitions for the following words and phrases:
The natural or artificial production of a substance by a chemical or biological reaction
A detailed and careful study of something in order to find out more information about it
The process of separating things into smaller groups or parts
A quality or feature of something
The process by which atoms join together
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Relative atomic mass
Th е ability о f at о ms or vari о us substan се s to los е о r gain е l ес trons
The process by which atoms join together
The process of separating things into smaller groups or parts
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
The study of substances produced by living organisms
The study of the physical properties of materials such as their electrical and magnetic behavior and their interaction with electromagnetic fields
The study of the details of chemical reactions
The study of the methods by which complex bodies may be built from simpler substances
The process of separating things into smaller groups or parts
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
A particular type of substance
State of matter similar to gas in which a certain portion of the particles are ionized
A с ompound с ontaining hydrog е n and oxyg е n
One of the states of matter where the molecules are packed close together
A substance that can flow has no fixed shape and is not a solid or a gas
Встановіть відповідність між дефініцією та словом:
The properties of the elements are a periodic function of the nuclear charges of their atoms
A list of chemical elements arranged according to the structure of their atoms
The set of general principles that a particular subject is based on
Certain rules that pertain to the laws of nature and chemistry
The study of the details of chemical reactions
Виберіть правильний прийменник :
UNIVERSITY CONSISTS ..… SIX FACULTIES.
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THE СHEMICAL LABORATORY IS EQUIPPED ……… MODERN DEVICES.
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VICTOR GRADUATED ……… LESYA UKRAINKA EASTERN EUROPEAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY IN 2005.
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IF YOU CAN SEE VERY CLEARLY ……… A MATERIAL, THE MATERIAL IS TRANSPARENT.
through
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WHEN SEA WATER FREEZES , THE SALT SEPARATES ……. IT, ІСЕ BEING QUITE PURE.
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WHEN HEATED, WATER CHANGES ...... AN INVISIBLE GAS.
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CARBON IS THE BASIS ……. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY .
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DURING DIGESTION MOST CARBOHYDRATES IN FOOD CONVERT ……. GLUCOSE.
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THE REACTION TAKES PLACE ……. A HIGHER RATE IF WE HEAT THE SOLUTION.
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ALBERT EINSTEIN IS BEST KNOWN ……. HIS THEORY OF RELATIVITY .
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CHEMICALLY, FOOD FATS CONSIST MAINLY ……. MIXTURES OF TRIGLYCERIDES.
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I’M INTERESTED ……. TAKING SOME CHEMISTRY UNIVERSITY COURSES.
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CEREALS ARE THE MAIN SOURCES …… FATS.
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I AM A LABORATORY ASSISTANT AND I FEEL I NEED TO UPDATE KNOWLEDGE ……. THIS FIELD.
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WE ARE AWARE ……. THE FACT THAT NONE OF THE KEY INDUSTRIES CAN DEVELOP WITHOUT CHEMISTRY.
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Виберіть правильний прийменник :
TOO LITTLE CALCIUM ……. THE BODY CAUSES DIFFERENT DISEASES OF BONES AND TEETH .
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IN OUR EVERYDAY LIFE WE USE BEAUTIFUL FABRICS AND OTHER MATERIALS OBTAINED ……. NATURAL GAS, COAL, WOOD OR OIL.
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Виберіть правильний прийменник :
THE CHEMISTS NOTICED THE DIFFERENCES ……. SUBSTANCES DERIVED FROM LIVING MATTER AND SUBSTANCES DERIVED FROM MATERIALS.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF EVERY SECTOR OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY DEPENDS ……. CHEMICAL INDUSTRY.
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COOKING MORE USUALLY RESULTS ……. THE LOSS OF NUTRIENTS.
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CALCIUM IS ESSENTIAL ……. THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE BODY.
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THE NEW AGENCY IS RESPONSIBLE ……. CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION.
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RUBBER SEALS ARE FITTED TO PREVENT GAS ……. ESCAPING .
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PERSONS UNDULY EXPOSED ……. SUNLIGHT HAVE A FAR GREATER INCIDENCE OF SKIN CANCER THAN THE GENERAL POPULATION HAS.
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THERE IS NO TREATMENT ……. RADIATION SICKNESS, ALTHOUGH IT IS SOMETIMES POSSIBLE FOR PERSONS TO SURVIVE.
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LABELS AND EQUIPMENT INSTRUCTIONS MUST BE READ CAREFULLY ……. USE!
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ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS REACT ……. EACH OTHER IN NUMEROUS WAYS .
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WATER TRAVELS ……. THE EARTH IN DIFFERENT STATES .
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A GAS THAT IS RELEASED ……. DENITRIFICATION CAN BE HARMFUL TO THE ATMOSPHERE.
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during
Виберіть правильний прийменник :
……. THE WATER CYCLE THE LIQUID BECOMES A VAPOUR .
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Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
One of the most famous aromatic compounds in organic chemistry is benzene, whose molecules _______: but what is benzene's molecular structure? Today, the answer to this question is well known, but during much of the nineteenth century _______.
One night, after yet another fruitless attempt to discover the structure, German chemist Friedrich August Kekulc fell asleep and _______ which the various atoms of benzene were jumping all around him, combining and recombining in a dizzyphantasmagoria of shapes. Suddenly, right before his amazed eyes, they united to form _______ that clasps its own tail in its mouth, forming a ring. Instantly, Kekule awoke and knew that at last he had found the answer: _______ to one another not in a line, or in a series of branched connections, but in a closed ring! And he was right.
1. the six carbon atoms of benzene were linked
2. to visually determine the identity
3. each consists of six carbon atoms and six hydrogen atoms
4. dreamed a bizarre dream in
5. have different physical properties
6. it was a profound mystery
7. an ourobouros - a snake-like dragon
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають відповідному пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
The flame test is used _______ of an unknown metal or metalloid ion based on the characteristic colour the salt turns the flame of a bunsen burner. The heat of the flame converts the metal ions into atoms _______. The characteristic emission spectra can be used to differentiate between some elements.
First, you need a clean wire loop. Platinum or nickel-chromium loops are most common. They may be cleaned _______, followed by rinsing with distilled or deionised water. Test the cleanliness of the loop byinserting it into a bunsen burner flame. If a burst of color is produced, the loop was not sufficiently clean. Ideally, a separate loop is used for each sample to be tested, but a loop may be carefully cleaned between tests. The clean loop is dipped in either a powder or solution of an ionic salt. The _______ is placed in the clear or blue part of the flame and the resulting colour is observed.
The value of the flame test is limited by interference from other brighter colours and by ambiguities where certain different metals cause the same flame colour. Sodium, in particular, is _______. Sometimes a coloured glass is used to filter out light from one metal. Cobalt glass is often used to filter out the yellow of sodium.
1. present in most compounds and will colour the flame
2. which become excite and emit visible light
3. loop with sample
4. have different physical properties
5. by dipping in hydrochloric or nitric acid
6. to visually determine the identity
7. one of the corner stones of modern chemical theory
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
The alkali metals, found in-group 1 of the periodic table, are very reactive metals _______. These metals have only one electron in their outer shell. Therefore, they are ready to lose _______. As with all metals, the alkali metals are malleable, ductile, and are _______. The alkali metals are softer than most other metals. Cesium and francium are _______. Alkali metals can explode if they are exposed to water.
The alkaline earth elements are metallic elements found in the second group of the periodic table. All _______ have an oxidation number of +2, making them very reactive. Because of their reactivity, the alkaline metals are not found free in nature.
1. that do not occur freely in nature
2. the most reactive elements in this group
3. to remove an electron from an atom
4. that one electron in ionic bonding with other elements
5. chemical properties very similar to those of hydrogen
6. alkaline earth elements
7. good conductors of heat and electricity
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
Deuterium is sometimes called heavy hydrogen. It is an isotope of hydrogen and makes up about one part in two hundred of that element. Normally found as a gas, deuterium has _______. Because the nucleus of a deuterium atom is roughly twice as heavy as the nucleus of a hydrogen atom, these gases _______ (density, boiling point, etc.) through which they can be separated.
Heavy water is composed of deuterium and oxygen (rather than hydrogen and oxygen as in ordinary water). It is _______. It resembles ordinary water in appearance but it is rather denser. It has a higher boiling point and _______. Heavy water is used _______. It produces a slowing-down of neutrons emmited as the result of nuclear fission in an atomic pile.
1. determine its chemical composition
2. as a moderator in the production of atomic energy
3. present in ordinary water in very minute quantities
4. have different physical properties
5. chemical properties very similar to those of hydrogen
6. have only one electron in their outer shell
7. a higher freezing point than ordinary water
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
The Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague is a public university providing education and pursuing scientific research, development and implementation activities. The ICT Prague is known _______ of its educational and research activities in almost all branches of chemistry, chemical engineering, food chemistry and technology, biochemistry, refining, water-treatment, power and biological sciences and technologies, _______.
The ICT Prague consists of four faculties, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering _______.
The ICT Prague operates a superbly equipped Central Library, _______ of books, handbooks, encyclopaedias, periodicals and other publications. The Library subscribes to some 300 professional periodicals and has an electronic access to scientific journals.
Several pieces of unique and most up-to-date scientific equipment _______, which provide services to all faculties in implementing scientific projects as well as in teaching postgraduate students.
1. their broad scientific training useful in fields
2. which contains more than 100,000 volumes
3. for both the depth and broadness
4. and departments accommodating all their needs
5. one of the corner stones of modern chemical theory
6. are located in the central laboratories
7. as well as environmental protection and other chemistry-based fields of study
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
The wide range of courses offered by the Department of Chemistry of Yale College reflects the position of chemistry _______.
Students with B.A. or B.S. degrees in chemistry go on to a variety of professional callings. In addition to graduate work in chemistry, biochemistry, medicine, or other health-related disciplines, the department's graduates find _______ such as business management and law. As contemporary society's problems involve ever more complex scientific issues, degree programs in the sciences become increasingly appropriate for students wishing to pursue careers in public policy, government, or public service. The breadth _______ makes chemistry an especially appropriate major for these students.
The department offers a flexible arrangement of beginning and upper-level courses _______. The choice of a proper course of study depends on the student's preparation and career goals. The director of undergraduate studies is available to assist students _______.
1. intended to meet a variety of student interests
2. for both the depth and broadness
3. of exposure to the physical and life sciences
4. as the foundation of all the molecular sciences
5. in choosing course offerings best suited to their educational needs
6. have different physical properties
7. their broad scientific training useful in fields
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
The Chemistry Department _______ that commonly serve as a student's entry into the study of chemistry at Yale College. The majority of students begin with a general chemistry sequence, Chemistry with Problem Solving, Comprehensive General Chemistry or Quantitative Foundations of General Chemistry. All of these courses fulfil the requirements for general chemistry in the Chemistry major and serve _______ offered by the department.
Students with a sufficiently strong background in chemistry may initiate their studies with courses in organic or physical chemistry. Freshman Organic Chemistry is _______. Physical Chemistry with Applications in the Physical Sciences is _______. Placement in _______ provides chemistry and life science students with greater flexibility in course selection during subsequent years.
1. one of the corner stones of modern chemical theory
2. as the foundation of all the molecular sciences
3. as the general chemistry prerequisite for any of the more advanced courses
4. any of these advanced courses
5. offers a range of courses
6. designed expressly for freshmen
7. taught with the needs of freshmen in mind
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition, and _______. Biochemistry exists as a separate discipline when scientists combined biology with organic, inorganic, or physical chemistry and began to study such topics as how living things obtain energy from food, _______, and what fundamental changes occur in disease. Biochemistry includes the sciences of molecular biology; immunochemistry; neurochemistry; and bioinorganic, bioorganic and biophysical chemistry.
Biochemistry is related to medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. In food science, biochemists research ways to develop abundant and inexpensive sources of different foods, _______, develop methods to extract foods from waste products, or invent ways to prolong the shelf life of food products.
Work in the field of biochemistry is often _______. Rogene Henderson, senior scientist and supervisor of the Biochemical Toxicology Group at Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, does research to understand ways in which organic compounds in the body are _______. Henderson focuses on researching the health effects of inhaled pollutants.
1. chemical reactions of substances in living systems
2. tied to toxicology
3. specializations of physical science
4. determine the chemical composition of foods
5. the chemical basis of heredity
6. specialists from other fields
7. changed by enzymes into toxic metabolites
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
Biochemists study the chemical components and processes of living systems plants, insects, viruses, microorganisms, and mammals _______. Their work contributes to many fields of science.
Biochemists work in modern research laboratories that stimulate creative work. Often they interact with scientists and _______ because their research is tied to another discipline.
Biochemists are curious about the chemical origins of life, the cell, the effects of organisms on the cell, and how altering conditions can improve life on earth. They are creative, imaginative, hardworking _______ interacting with other scientists _______. Perseverance is a key to success. Because they often work in teams, _______ and able to work well with others. Oral and written communication skills are essential.
1. specialists from other fields
2. to discover applications for their work
3. have different physical properties
4. determine the chemical composition
5. individuals who enjoy
6. biochemists must be cooperative
7. to explain how and why chemical reactions occur
Заповніть пропуски цифрами, які відповідають пропущеному фрагменту у тексті (два фрагменти є зайвими):
Chemistry is the study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. This is also the definition for physics, by the way. Chemistry and physics are _______. Chemistry tends to focus on the properties of substances and the interactions between different types of matter, particularly reactions that involve electrons. Physics tends to focus more on the nuclear part of the atom, as well as the subatomic realm. Really, they are _______.
An important point to remember is that chemistry is a science, which means its procedures are systematic and reproducible and its hypotheses are tested using the scientific method. Chemists, scientists who study chemistry, examine the properties and composition of matter and the interactions between substances. Chemistry is closely related to physics and to biology. As _______, mathematics is an essential tool for the study of chemistry.
Understanding chemistry helps you to understand the world around you. Cooking is chemistry. Everything _______ is a chemical. When you study chemistry, you come to understand a bit about how things work. Chemistry isn't secret knowledge, useless to anyone but a scientist. It's the explanation for everyday things, like why laundry detergent works better in hot water or _______ or why not all pain relievers work equally well on a headache.
1. two sides of the same coin
2. how baking soda works
3. it is true for other sciences
4. you can predict the properties of new elements
5. you can touch or taste or smell
6. specializations of physical science
7. you might notice that elements
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People have known about elements like carbon and gold since ancient time. The elements couldn't be _______. Each element has a unique number of protons. If you examine samples of iron and silver, you can't tell how many protons the atoms have. However, you can tell the elements _______. You might notice there are more similarities between iron and silver than between iron and oxygen. Could _______ so you could tell at a glance which ones had similar properties?
Dmitrii Mendeleyev was the first scientist to create a periodic table of the elements similar to the one we use today. This table showed that when the elements were _______, a pattern appeared where properties of the elements repeated periodically. This periodic table is a chart that groups the elements according to their similar properties.
Why do you think Mendeleyev made a periodic table? Many elements remained to be discovered in Mendeleyev's time. The periodic table helped _______.
1. there be a way to organize the elements
2. changed using any chemical method
3. predict the properties of new elements
4. have something in common
5. ordered by increasing atomic weight
6. built in the same way
7. apart because they have different properties
When you look at the modern periodic table, do you see any _______ that would be undiscovered elements? New elements today aren't discovered. They are made. You can still use the periodic table to predict the properties of these new elements.
The periodic table helps _______ compared to each other. Atom size decreases as you move from left to right across the table and increases as you move down a column. Energy required _______ increases as you move from left to right and decreases as you move down a column. The ability to form a chemical bond increases as you move from left to right and decreases as you move down a column.
The most important difference between Mendeleyev's table and today's table is the modern table is organized by _______, not increasing atomic weight. Why was the table changed? In 1914, Henry Moseley learned you could experimentally determine the atomic numbers of elements. Before that, atomic numbers were just the order of elements based on _______. Once atomic numbers had significance, the periodic table was reorganized.
1. increasing atomic number
2. to discover applications for their work
3. skipped atomic numbers
4. to remove an electron from an atom
5. predict some properties of the elements
6. increasing atomic weight
7. have different physical properties
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Matter is everything around you. Matter is anything made of _______. Matter is anything that has a mass. Matter is _______ and electromagnetic radiation. Even though matter can be found all over the universe, you usually find it in just a few forms. As of 1995, scientists have _______. They may discover one more by the time you get old.
You should know about _______, and a new one called Bose-Einstein condensates. The first four have been around a long time. The scientists who worked with the Bose-Einstein condensate received a Nobel Prize for their work in 1995. But what makes a state of matter? It's about the _______.
1. increasing atomic weight
2. identified five states of matter
3. also related to light
4. physical state of molecules and atoms
5. have something in common
6. atoms and molecules
7. solids, liquids, gases, plasmas
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If you want to have a language, you will need an alphabet. If _______, you will need amino acids. Other examples in chemistry are not any different. If _______, you will need elements. Each element is a little bit different from the rest. Those elements are the alphabet to the language of molecules.
Why are we talking about elements? This is the section on atoms. Let's stretch the idea a bit. If you read a book, you will read a language. Letters make up that language. But what makes those letters possible? Ummm. Ink? Yes! You need ink to crate the letters. And for each letter, it is the same type of ink.
Confused? Don't be. Elements are like those letters. They _______. That's where atoms come in. All elements are made of atoms. While the atoms may have different weights and organization, _______. Electrons, protons, and neutrons make the universe go.
If you want to do a little more thinking, start with particles of matter. Matter, the stuff around us, _______. Atoms are used to create the elements. Elements are used to create molecules. It just goes on. Everything you see is built by using something else.
1. is used to create atoms
2. you want to build molecules
3. they are all built in the same way
4. you want to build proteins
5. they use to combine with other elements
6. have something in common
7. predict some properties of the elements
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Don't get worried about the big word. Electrovalence is just another word for something that has given up its electron and become an ion. If you look at the periodic table, _______ on the left side usually become positively charged ions and elements on the right side get a negative charge. That trend means the left side has a positive valence and the right side has a negative valence. Valence is a measure of how much an atom wants to bond with other atoms.
There are two main types of bonding, covalent and electrovalent. Scientists also call _______. Ionic bonds are just groups of charged ions held together by electric forces. Scientists call these groups ionic agglomerates. When in the presence of other ions, _______ and attractions.
Look at sodium chloride (table salt) as an example. Salt is a very strong bond when it is sitting on your table. It would be _______. However, if you put that salt into some water the bonds break very quickly. It happens easily because of the electrical attraction of the water. Now you have sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl-) ions. Remember that _______ but very weak in water.
1. nearly impossible to break those ionic bonds
2. have only one electron in their outer shell
3. the electrovalent bonds are weaker because of
outside electrical forces
4. you might notice that elements
5. ionic bonds are normally strong
6. may have different weights and organization
7. ionic bonds electrovalent bonds
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Homemade soap is nothing _______. It may look like stained glass or be studded with oatmeal. Modern soap makers have _______ that produces the finest, silkiest bars. Perfumed with essential oils such as lavender, clary sage, citrus or rose, home soaps look, and feel, luxurious.
Soap isn’t difficult to make, but everyone will have at least one batch that doesn’t turn out. If _______, then either too much lye was added or the ingredients were not mixed long enough to create a trace. This is a common beginner’s mistake. When the oils and lye are mixed, _______. It thickens, turns whiter, almost like a cream. But it’s not truly mixed enough until a clear tracing line is formed. A rule of thumb is to dribble a circle or star on the surface. If _______ and forms a pattern, you’ve got a trace. Then you can add the essential oils, stir vigorously and pour into molds.
1. the bars are streaked with chalky lines
2. the outline floats clearly on the surface
3. like the chalky bars of pioneer days
4. by introducing water into the deposits
5. turned soap into a hobby
6. the liquid changes consistency before your eyes
7. they may have different weights and organization
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The _______ dates back to ancient Egyptian and Minoan times, when gold was panned with the aim of making golden bowls and cups. Gold was usually found in river beds, so in order to pan for gold, a circular dish (pan) was filled with a _______ that contained gold. So as to obtain the gold, this mixture was held under a stream of water and swirled so that the lighter parts would slowly wash away and the _______.
Since gold was a scarce metal, it was used as a form of exchange, and therefore it became the basis for international transactions. Over time, new mining techniques developed and elaborate methods were _______.
Gold is stored in reserve by many governments. In Fort Knox, USA, alone, there are thirty-eight billion dollars worth of gold bars secured behind a twenty-ton door. In spite of these resources, _______, financial circles predict a decline in the demand for gold. Gold was once a powerful currency, but nowadays it seems to have lost much of its glitter.
1. in addition
2. production of items made of gold
3. gold particles would collect at the bottom of the pan
4. however
5. have different physical properties
6. mixture of sand and gravel
7. adopted because of the demand for gold
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In Eastern Java _______ is to harvest the sulphur produced by a local volcano. Twice a day, around thirty porters leave their huts and head for the 3,156 metre summit of the Welirang Volcano. Once there, _______ in order to break the sulphur into blocks that will fit into their baskets.
While _______, the porters are exposed to toxic fumes which cause many incurable diseases. Most of them, however, don't pay attention to the health risks they face daily and use only a face mask to protect themselves. This work endangers their health and they are often in pain.
As they get older, _______ and eventually suffer from throat or lung cancer, from which they never recover. What is more, they are not paid well, even though they lead a difficult life and their health is harmed beyond repair. Yet, _______, the porters have no intention of giving up their job. As long as it provides them and their family with an income, they will continue to do it.
1. they use to combine with other elements
2. they become fragile
3. by introducing water into the deposits
4. they use metal bars
5. one way to secure a living
6. in spite of the unhealthy conditions
7. collecting sulphur
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The thirty rare earth elements are _______. One element of the lanthanide series and most of the elements in the actinide series are called trans-uranium, _______. All of the rare earth metals are found in group 3 of the periodic table, and the 6th and 7th periods.
The 38 elements in groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table are called "transition metals". As with all metals, the transition elements are _______, and conduct electricity and heat. The interesting thing about transition metals is that their valence electrons, or the electrons _______, are present in more than one shell. This is the reason why _______. There are three noteworthy elements in the transition metals family. These elements are iron, cobalt, and nickel, and they are the only elements known to produce a magnetic field.
1. both ductile and malleable
2. they often exhibit several common oxidation states
3. which means synthetic or man-made
4. to be predicted in advance
5. composed of the lanthanide and actinide series
6. they may have different weights and organization
7. they use to combine with other elements
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Elements and compounds can move from one physical state to another and not change. Oxygen as a gas still has _______. The liquid state is colder and denser but _______. Water is another example. The compound water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It has _______ whether it is a gas, liquid, or solid. Although its physical state may change, its chemical state remains the same.
So you ask, "What is a chemical state?" If the formula of water were to change, that would be a chemical change. If _______, you would make hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Its molecules would not be water anymore. Changing states of matter is about changing densities, pressures, temperatures, and other physical properties. The basic _______.
1. they use to combine with other elements
2. the molecules are still the same
3. chemical structure does not change
4. you added another oxygen atom
5. the same properties as liquid oxygen
6. the same molecular structure
7. different weights and organization
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Radiation sickness is a harmful effect _______ by exposure to radioactive substances. The biological action of radiation is not fully understood, but it is believed that a disturbance in cellular activity results _______. Some body tissues are more sensitive to radiation than others and are more easily affected; _______.
Radiation sickness may occur _______ such as a nuclear explosion, or it may occur after repeated exposure to even very small doses in a plant or laboratory, since radiation effects are cumulative. Moreover, solar radiation in sufficient quantity is enough to cause tissue destruction; persons unduly exposed to sunlight, such as farmers and sailors, _______ than has the general population.
1. by introducing water into the deposits
2. have a far greater incidence of skin cancer
3. from the chemical changes caused by ionization
4. the molecules are still the same
5. the cells in the blood-forming tissues are extremely sensitive
6. produced on body tissues
7. from exposure to a single massive emanation
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Evaporation is a change of a liquid into vapor at any temperature below its boiling points. For example, water, when placed in a shallow open container exposed to air, gradually disappears, evaporating _______, the humidity of the air, and the temperature. Evaporation occurs because among _______ there are always some with enough heat energy to overcome the cohesion of their neighbors and escape. At higher temperatures the number of energetic molecules is greater, and _______.
Evaporation is also increased by increasing the air circulation, thus carrying away the energetic molecules leaving the liquid before _______ to be reabsorbed into the liquid. If the air is humid, _______ will pass back into the liquid, thus reducing the rate of evaporation. An increase in atmospheric pressure also reduces evaporation.
1. evaporation is more rapid
2. they can be used to combine with other elements
3. the molecules near the surface of the liquid
4. some water molecules from the air
5. new discoveries were being made
6. they can be slowed enough by collisions with air molecules
7. at a rate that depends on the amounts of surface exposed
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Salt is important in many ways. It is an essential part of the diet of both men and animals, and is a part of most animal fluids, such as blood, sweat and tears. It aids digestion _______, a small but essential part of human digestive fluid. Persons with hypertensive heart disease often must restrict the amount of salt in their diet. Salt is widely used _______, and is used in curing meats and preserving fish and other foods. As a chemical it is used in making glass, pottery, textile dyes, and soap, and in large amounts to melt ice and snow on streets and highways. It is also used _______ and sodium hydroxide.
Salt is mined from deposits or is obtained as a brine by introducing water into the deposits to dissolve the salt and then pumping the solution to the surface. Salt is also obtained _______; salt so obtained was formerly called bay salt, and is now often called solar salt. Most salt for table use is obtained from sea water; it is usually not pure sodium chloride, _______ being added to it to prevent lumping. Manufacture and use of salt is one of the oldest chemical industries.
1. by evaporation of sea water, usually in shallow basins warmed by sunlight
2. as a seasoning for foods
3. to be reabsorbed into the liquid
4. by providing chlorine for hydrochloric acid
5. for the production of chlorine, sodium metal
6. have different physical properties
7. small amounts of other substances
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Carbon monoxide is a chemical compound, CO, a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is less dense than air under ordinary conditions. It is very slightly soluble in water and _______, producing carbon dioxide; it is a component of producer gas and water gas that are widely used artificial fuels. It is a reducing agent, _______ and is used in the reduction of metals, e.g. iron from their ores.
Carbon monoxide is an extremely poisonous gas. The gas is especially dangerous because it is not easily detected. Early symptoms of carbon monoxide _______, followed by unconsciousness, respiratory failure, and death. First aid for a victim of carbon monoxide _______; administering artificial respiration and, if available, oxygen; and, as soon as possible, summoning a doctor.
When carbon monoxide is inhaled it reacts with hemoglobin, the red blood pigment that normally carries oxygen to all parts of the body. Because carbon monoxide is attracted to the hemoglobin about 210 times _______, it takes the place of oxygen in the blood, causing oxygen starvation throughout the body.
1. a change of a liquid into vapor
2. poisoning requires getting him to fresh air
3. burns in air with a characteristic blue flame
4. removing oxygen from many compounds
5. as strongly as is oxygen
6. poisoning include drowsiness and headache
7. at any temperature below its boiling points
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Aluminium is a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13. It is a silvery white, soft, ductile metal. Aluminium is _______ (after oxygen and silicon), and the most abundant metal in the Earth‘s crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth‘s solid surface. Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens are rare and _______. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite.
Aluminium is remarkable for the metal‘s low density and for _______ due to the phenomenon of passivation. Structural components made from aluminium and its alloys are _______ and are important in other areas of transportation and structural materials. The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the oxides and sulfates.
In keeping with its pervasiveness, aluminium is _______. Owing to their prevalence, potential beneficial (or otherwise) biological roles of aluminium compounds are of continuing interest.
1. well tolerated by plants and animals
2. vital to the aerospace industry
3. the third most abundant element
4. limited to extreme reducing environments
5. to be reabsorbed into the liquid
6. its ability to resist corrosion
7. at any temperature below its boiling points
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Gold along with Silver and Copper form a column in the periodic table. They are _______ and were the first three elements known to man. They were all used as primitive money well before the first gold coins which appeared in Egypt around 3400 BC.
Most _______ or comes from Central American Aztecs and South American Incas. It was brought to Europe by the Spanish and Portuguese in the 16th century, and which has since been recycled _______. In 1830 world output was no more than 12 tonnes per year. But around that time _______. Finds were discovered in Siberia, California, New South Wales, Australia, Transvaal, South Africa and Alaska, and they all produced gold rushes. The world production was then around 150 tonnes per year. It is now around 2300 tonnes per year.
Usually it is found in its natural state and does not naturally alloy with anything else and because it is the heaviest of all metals, shifting rock in water, _______ and all less dense impurities are washed away.
1. over and over again
2. the gold always falls to the bottom
3. found naturally
4. new gold discoveries were being made
5. the third most abundant element
6. gold is ancient
7. increased by increasing the air circulation
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The components of a mixture retain their own chemical properties and _______. For example, iron filings may be mixed with powered sulphur in any proportions, and even if very fine iron powder is carefully mixed with powered sulphur, the two components _______ by means of a magnet; the magnet will draw out the iron from the mixture.
Mixtures are often classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous. Solutions and colloids are homogeneous mixtures. The components of homogeneous mixture are _______ from one another by visual observation. A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture. The particles in a heterogeneous mixture are _______ by visual observation.
Alloys are mixtures of metals and may be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. The components of a mixture usually _______ such as distillation, evaporation, precipitation, filtration, solvent extraction, or chromatography.
1. may be present in any proportions
2. coarse enough to be distinguished
3. removing oxygen from many compounds
4. the third most abundant element
5. can be separated by physical means
6. are easily separated
7. too intimately combined to be distinguished
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Faraday was born in London in 1791 in a poor family and was one of the ten children of a blacksmith. There was no question of an education for young Faraday and he was _______. He lived among books and began to read some of them. He soon realized that his main interest was in science and especially in electricity. It was a stroke of luck that his employer knew him to have desire for learning and _______. Faraday wanted to make experiments, but he had too little money.
In 1812 a customer gave Faraday tickets to attend the lectures of Humphry Davy at the Royal Institution. Soon Faraday sent Davy his notes and an application for a job as his assistant. Davy was enormously _______ and offered the young man the job. Almost at once Davy left for his grand tour of Europe and took Faraday with him as secretary. Faraday, of course, was _______. Faraday enjoyed greatly his time in Europe, but he was not really sorry at the end of the journey because _______ and experiments in England.
1. thrilled and accepted the invitation with great pleasure
2. considered physical chemistry his main subject
3. allowed him to read and to attend scientific lectures
4. apprenticed to a bookbinder
5. impressed by clear ability of the youngster
6. he was now able to continue his own work
7. he was the founder of modern chemistry
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The aim of processing in a factory is to preserve food so that _______ or the season of the year, and to reduce time spent on preparing food in the home. The main commercial process which cause some loss of nutrients are blanching, heat processing, and drying or dehydration.
Blanching in water or steam is mainly to minimize enzyme activity, and _______ for canning, freezing or dehydration. The process is carefully controlled, but small amounts of some minerals and water soluble vitamins dissolve in the water and steam and are lost.
Heat processing _______ reduces the amounts of heat-sensitive vitamins, especially thiamin, folic acid and vitamin C. The losses depend on the length of time _______ and to cook the food.
Dehydration _______ has little effect on most nutrients, but about half the vitamin C is lost. Prolonged sun drying allows great changes to occur. Suitable packaging of dried foods is essential to prevent nutrient losses during their prolonged storage life.
1. in metal cans or boiling in glass jars
2. in carefully controlled conditions
3. increased by increasing the air circulation
4. the choice is greater and independent of geographical area
5. needed to destroy any harmful organisms
6. at any temperature below its boiling points
7. the first step in the preservation of the most vegetables
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The name of Mendeleyev is _______ in everyone's mind with one of the fundamental scientific laws – the law of periodicity of chemical elements and the Periodic System based on this law. His greatest discovery of the Periodic Law is _______. It can be simply stated as follows: the properties of the elements are a periodic function of the nuclear charges of their atoms.
The Periodic System of chemical elements that was published in 1869 has long since been _______ among the greatest history-making contributions to the study of nature. It allowed the existence of yet undiscovered elements _______. Many outstanding researchers owe to it, to a considerable degree, the ideas of their experiments, calculations, hypotheses and theories.
“The greatest chemist of the world” – this is Mendeleyev’s fame among the people following his footsteps. Yes, he, _______ and, to a larger degree, of modern physics, considered physical chemistry his main subject, while he successfully dealt with problems in many diverse areas, from mathematics and astronomy to meteorology, from philosophy to economics, from technology to arts.
1. have different physical properties
2. rightfully placed
3. inseparably associated
4. the founder of modern chemistry
5. one of the corner stones of modern chemical theory
6. realized that his main interest was in science
7. to be predicted in advance
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF THERE (TO BE) NOT ENOUGH OXYGEN IN THE AIR, IT WOULD BE UNSUITABLE FOR BREATHING.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
SINGLE DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS (TO SUBDIVIDE) INTO MORE SPECIFIC CATEGORIES.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE (TO REFLECT) THE NEEDS OF THE COMMUNITY THAT MAKES USE OF IT.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
A COMPOUND (TO REPRESENT) BY ITS CHEMICAL FORMULA.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
UNLESS THE TEMPERATURE (TO RISE), THE REACTION WILL NOT INCREASE.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF HE HAD KNOWN ABOUT OUR EXPERIMENT BEFORE, HE (TO HELP) US.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF WE TEST THIS MATERIAL, WE (TO USE) IT IN OUR CONSTRUCTION.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF YOU (TO POUR) WATER INTO SULPHURIC ACID, HEAT WILL BE GIVEN OFF AND AN EXPLOSION WILL TAKE PLACE.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IT IS SUPPOSED THAT HISTORY OF CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE (TO ORIGINATE) FROM EARLY ALCHEMY.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF WE (TO COOL) THE SOLUTION, THE REACTION CAN SLOW DOWN.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
AN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMICAL ELEMENTS STANDARDIZATION (TO CONVENE) IN GENEVA IN 1892.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF THEY FINISH THEIR EXPERIMENTS, THEY (TO TABULATE) THE DATA.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IN 1921 ALBERT EINSTEIN (TO WIN) THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
CARBON MONOXIDE (TO FORM) BY COMBUSTION OF CARBON IN OXYGEN AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.
_______
Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF EINSTEIN HADN’T BEEN A TALENTED PERSON, HE (NOT TO BECOME) A SCIENTIST.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
SALTS (TO BE) CLEAR AND TRANSPARENT, OPAQUE AND EVEN METALLIC AND LUSTROUS.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF EINSTEIN (NOT TO MAKE) HIS GREAT RESEARCH, HE WOULDN’T HAVE WON THE NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSICS.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
SALT (TO DISTRIBUTE) WIDELY AND ABUNDANTLY IN NATURE.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
VITAMINS B AND C (TO CONSIDER) TO BE WATER-SOLUBLE.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
THERE ARE A LOT OF SCIENCES WHICH CONSIDERABLY (TO AFFECT) BY THE LATEST PROGRESS OF CHEMISTRY.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IN THE NOT TOO DISTANT FUTURE THE GREAT QUANTITIES OF COAL, OIL, GAS, SHALES AND WOOD (TO USE) TO MAKE CONSUMER GOODS.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
TODAY WE (TO WITNESS) THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL BRANCH – BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
FOLIC ACID (TO DESTROY) EASILY IN COOKING.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
WE ARE SURE THAT THERE (TO BE) MANY NEW DISCOVERIES IN CHEMISTRY.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
VITAMIN B (CALL) A COMPLEX BECAUSE OF ITS NUMEROUS CONSTITUENTS.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
A SINGLE DISPLACEMENT REACTION (TO CHARACTERIZE) BY AN ATOM OR ION OF A SINGLE COMPOUND REPLACING AN ATOM OF ANOTHER ELEMENT.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
NOWADAYS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT (TO CAUSE) WIDESPREAD DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
IF THE AIR IS HUMID, SOME WATER MOLECULES FROM THE AIR (TO PASS) BACK INTO THE LIQUID, THUS REDUCING THE RATE OF EVAPORATION.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
THE PROCESS OF EVAPORATION ALWAYS (TO ACCOMPANY) BY A COOLING EFFECT.
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Впишіть дієслово, що в дужках, у правильній часовій формі (всі літери малі):
WHEN A LIQUID (TO EVAPORATE) FROM THE SKIN, A COOLING SENSATION RESULTS.
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